To understand how a disease affects the organism, it is necessary to unde… Among the highlights in materials science and nanotechnology is the discovery of graphene in 2004 by the eminent physicists Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov at Manchester University (UK). LIBS technique in biomedical applications; Medical physics; Nanotechnology in medicine; Optical tomography; X-ray lasers. This sharp metal tip is placed in the focus of a laser beam and hence an effect called “local field enhancement” will cause the electric field to become roughly 1000 times stronger. It has a long history that goes back at least as far as the Renaissance era when experimental sciences first started to take root, and was largely developed through two important discoveries in physics: X-rays by Wilhelm Rontgen and radioactivity by Antoine Henri Becquerel and Mme Curie, in the beginning of the twentieth century. The breakthrough that led to the practical realization of nanotechnology came in the 1980’s. (2ndedn),Pub Blackwell. In this invited opening Plenary Lecture at the 1st European Conference on Medical Physics, I indicated some of the roles of medical physics, and speci… These free radicals increase cellular damage and, ultimately, induce cell death. On an ordinary X-ray image the shadows of all the objects in the path of the X-ray beam are superimposed, and thus the shadows of normal structures may mash or interfere with the shadows that indicate the disease [19]. In 2014, graphenebased transparent (in the frequency range between infrared and ultraviolet) and flexible, implantable medical sensor microarrays were announced that allow the viewing of brain tissue hidden by implants (optical transparency was > 90%). It has been observed that in the design and development of the drugs for different diseases, there are also genius of physics playing their role in combining the great concepts of nuclear physics and quantum mechanics to the world of nuclear medicine. Graphene is just a one atom thick-two dimensional sheet of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb like lattice. In bioimaging, functionalized and surfactant dispersed graphene solutions have been designed as blood pool MRI contrast agents [151]. This resolution is relatively low and not sufficient for the imaging and observing of biomedical structures in detail and hence many details could be lost. In the medical community, interest grows as laser physics is developing ways to expand the optical range of lasers to the shorter wavelength regions, i.e. Firstly, the camera is constructed so that the head can rotate either stepwise or continuously about the patient to acquire multiple views. The in vivo imaging characterization of the complex behaviors of disease in time and space gives us information about the location, the size, the speed of development, the amount of molecular processes that are contributing, the means of treatment and the way it responds to therapy. With both the (STM) and the (AFM) devices, it became possible to observe structures on the atomic scale [76,77] and moreover, to manipulate individual atoms [77,78]. In fact progress in physics has influenced, improved, and has direct impact on almost all topics in biology and medicine. Lieber group at Harvard University has developed a complex one dimensional architecture comprising at least 200 independent electrical nanowire assemblies that has been used to perform a low level detection of serum- bone cancer antigens. 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Medical Physics is a branch of Applied Physics, pursued by medical physicists, which uses physics principles, methods and techniques in practice and research for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of human diseases with a specific goal of improving human health and well-being. Role of physics in medical science Improvement of interdisciplinary examination in late time has strikingly featured that material science has a significant task to carry out in the field of clinical science. Modern medical procedures can now be carried out almost without any pain thanks to the contributions in the field of anesthesia and the development of new methods, such as minimally invasive surgeries. Likewise, there are quantum dots-based sensors which employ quantum dots as the contrast agents for improving optical responses [99]. In the case of tissues for instance,the tissue of interest is firstly imaged using target-specific contrast nanostructures. The following conclusions were deducted when applying the LIBS technique in the study: • It is a simple and promising technique capable of diagnosing malignant cells and tissues. Medical physics of radiation therapycan involve w… The investigators were interested in exploring the elemental difference between gallstone compositions formed under habitat, nutrition and other environmental conditions. Max Planck, German theoretical physicist who originated quantum theory, which won him the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1918. Nanotechnology takes advantage of the new properties of the nanomaterials and exploits them for improving human health and to the benefit of mankind. Targeted detection of cellular apoptosis with the use of technetium-labeled annexin, according to Wickline and Lanza is now in clinical trials on the basis of binding to membrane phosphatidyl serine epitopes that are exposed during apoptosis [112,113]. The advances in laser physics have also considerable impact on medicine and biomedical research. Your email address will not be published. The focus here will be on the developments in those disciplines of physics namely; lasers and nanotechnology that are related to the research at the Laboratory of Lasers and New Materials (LLNM) of Cairo University and have direct connection to the field of Medical Physics. Fluorescent nanocrystals such as quantum dots are nanoparticles which, depending on their coating and their physical and chemical properties, can target a specific tissue or cell and be made to fluorescence for imaging purposes. Demands for simultaneous detection of more targets in single assay,drives the development of inorganic nanocrystal-based fluorescent probes to replace organic fluorophores. The term nanotechnology was first envisioned by the distinguished physicist Richard Feynman in his illuminating lecture entitled “There is plenty of room at the bottom”, that he gave in 1959 at the California Institute of Technology. Researchers at the University of Illinois have demonstrated that gelatin nanoparticles can be used to deliver drugs to damaged brain tissues [82]. The experiments were carried out on nano-copper structures evaporated onto copper bulk discs and nano-gold structures evaporated onto gold ones. Following Zhuang these photo-switchable probes can be optically switched between a fluorescent and dark state. Laboratory of Lasers and New Materials (LLNM), Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt, Received: February 20, 2016 Accepted: March 02, 2016 Published: March 08, 2016. Further developments in computed tomography were the invention of optical coherence tomography (OCT) that uses light to capture micrometer resolution, three- dimensional images from within optical scattering biological tissues [23]. SN38 and doxorubicin) were effectively loaded on the graphene for intracellular drug delivery. Eric Deutsch from the Institute Gustave-Roussy in France investigated the possibility to increase the efficacy of radiation therapy by using high-density nanoparticles. Targeted perfluorocarbon nanoparticles were the first reported molecular imaging agent for ultrasound applications and were shown to increase reflectivity from fibrin thrombi in-vivo by two orders of magnitude or more [115-117]. Moreover, their electrochemical properties are the important assets for the biosensor technology. This should allow drugs that must now be delivered as an injection, to be taken in pill form. This imaging technique has the ability of achieving sub- micrometer resolution over a wide range of wavelengths, 100 nm, together with the advantage of high signal-to-noise ratio, permitting fast signal acquisition. In 2013 they demonstrated how to tailor the hydrophobicity of graphene for its use as nanopores for DNA translocation and it was shown that single-stranded DNA could be detected in graphene nanopores with excellent nanoporedurability and reproducibility [135]. Physics is an important element in the education of chemists, engineers and computer scientists, as well as practitioners of the other physical and biomedical sciences. Role of Physics in Medicine This is a good article that reviews Lancet's special issue on Physics and Medicine. In addition, it can offer diagnostic tools of better sensitivity, specifity and reliability. X-ray tomography is a branch of medical radiology, used as a diagnostic technique [17,18]. teeth, bones, urinary bladder and gall stones, liver tissues or other tissue samples), • The analysis of microorganisms (e.g. Chief among its medical applications might be the revolutionary new DNA sequencing which accelerates genomics. For example, nanoparticles that release drugs when subjected to shear force were tested and used to dissolve clots that blocked arteries [81]. By applying a voltage of 200 mV across the graphene membrane, which channeled the flow of ions through the pore and registered as an electrical current signal, a series of spikes were observed in the electric current that scales the pore. At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), researchers use nanoparticles to deliver vaccines [83]. Doxorubicin (DOX) is embedded onto the graphene sheet, while the molecules of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis– inducing ligand (TRAIL) are linked to nanostructure via short peptide chains (Figure 5). For example, CT together with the development of appropriate computer algorithms, made it possible to locate micro calcifications in digitized mammograms, which led to the early detection of breast cancer. Without the bulky (TRAIL), the graphene strips with the embedded (DOX) are swallowed into the cells. These applications include the detection of glucose in diabetic patients the detection of urinary tract bacterial infections the detection of HIV-AIDS and the diagnosis of cancer [103-109]. The main ones are diagnostic radiology, or medical imaging, nuclear medicine and radiation oncology. The photon wavelengths of the X- rays produced are 100 times shorter than those of the optical photons, which mean that they are 100 times as energetic as the optical photons. Nanotechnology has the potential of yielding considerable progress in medical diagnostics, with the ultimate goal of identifying diseases at the earliest stage possible (even up tothe level of a single cell). Figure 2: Energy level scheme of neon-like selenium. It has remarkable mechanical, physical and chemical properties, and hence has found numerous potential applications in a wide range of areas, including biomedical sciences [128-130]. Ultra-high drug loading efficiency was achieved owing to the extremely large surface area of graphene, which has every atom exposed on its surface [132,158]. However, for male patients they found that it is more prevalent for those who were having the habit of tobacco, chewing, smoking or drinking alcohols. Powsner RA, Powsner ER (1998) Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in Essential Nuclear Medicine Physics. Assuming that light emitted is sufficiently influenced by the characteristic parameters of the plasma, the atomic spectroscopicanalysis of the emitted light shows considerable information about the elemental structure and the basic physical processes in plasmas [4]. This may be achieved, for example, through a better mapping of cancer distribution using near-infrared imaging. • The analysis of human clinical specimens (e.g. In the medical applications and diagnostics nanomaterials are playing an important role in the development of efficient biosensors which can analyze the minute details of biological interactions with extreme precision and sensitivity [100]. Target heat therapy has also been developed to destroy breast cancer tumors. Wensha Yang and his group showed that when high doses of radiation strike quantum dots, they become luminescent and the light emitted triggers the cancer-killing activity of a Photo Dynamic Therapy (PDT) photo-sensitizer called Photofrin (a drug that is absorbed selectively by cancer cells) [95]. In their work PEGylated nano-graphene was labeled by a near infrared (NIR) fluorescence dye for in vivo fluorescence imaging. • It is capable of detecting trace elements with very low concentrations in the range of one part per million. The use of relatively long wavelength light allows it to penetrate into the scattering medium. In this review article, some of these impacts and developments will be discussed within the framework of the research conducted at the Laboratory of Lasers and New Materials (LLNM) of Cairo University and which encompass: • Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy in medical sciences and applications. Specific and sensitive site-targeted contrast agents are employed in molecular imaging due to the fact that molecules are too small to be imaged directly with noninvasive techniques [112]. This review article focuses on the latest advances in medical sciences that followed recent developments in physics. Other nuclear constructs appear useful for monitoring transfection events by imaging proteins that are expressed after reporter gene transcription. It can be used to illustrate single layers and their vertical and horizontal expansion [29]. Cui and Lieber have reported the performance of biosensors based on silicon nanowires doped with boron and used them for the detection of biological and chemical species [101]. The identification of the different elements was carried out using a spam 16 software spectrum analyzer. You could then go on to specialise in medical physics. There are several other research groups that have also paid attention to the graphene-based drug loading and delivery systems and a number of interesting results have been published [159,160]. The exponential growth of biocompatible nanotechnology now promises to expand the horizon for molecular imaging and therapy with a host of new agents. They are also the ones who play the main role in procuring vaccines and cures for life-threatening epidemics by working with organizations such as the CDC and WHO. Biomedical physics is the conjugation of Physics and Biology in Medicine. Material science and its laws in guess to clinical science, reveal to us how to comprehend a human body at atomic level. LIBS- based identification of bacteria is also applied to non-clinical industrial applications. The wavelengths of the emitted spectrum were calibrated using light from a low pressure Hg- lamp, while a deuterium halogen lamp was used in calibrating the emission spectral intensities (relative sensitivity) over the entire wavelength scale. It involves study of physical and natural phenomena around us. The vast majority of biological macromolecule structures are obtained by X-ray crystallography, going back to 1934, when John Desmond Bernal and Dorothy Hodgkin recorded the first X-ray diffraction pattern of a crystallized protein, the digestive enzyme pepsin. In fact, X-ray computed tomography had a fundamental impact on medicine. Soon after the advent of lasers in 1960 they found their way into biomedical sciences and medical applications, such as ophthalmology, dermatology, cosmetic surgery, oncology, dentistry and many areas of medicine [31-36]. As scientists discovered more and more about the cosmos using physics, they were able to provide verifiable and testable answers to … His work was further developed by the atomic physics group at the Laboratory of Lasers and New Materials (LLNM) at Cairo University, in order to study the possibility of laser emission from excited electrons in atomic iso-electronic sequences. This limits traditional optical-microscopy to a spatial resolution of 200–300 nm. It's basically a way of using our physics knowledge to develop tools and treatments that help humans live longer and be healthier. The idea behind the development of these types of lasers is based on the possibility of creating X- ray laser beam using extremely short picoseconds pulse, which would require less energy (5-joule). • Real- time identification of caries dental tissue (cavities). As this tip is scanned over the surface, an image can be formed with a resolution as fine as the tip [122]. Once the particle is in the tumor, Near- Infra Red (NIR) laser light is applied, which heats the particle and thermally destroys the tumor and the surrounding blood vessels without significant damage to healthy tissues [87]. Impact of Physics on Medical Sciences and Applications: Lasers and Nanotechnology. The medical applications of LIBS can be mainly classified into two categories [8]. The review article discusses the impact of physics in medical fields in so far as it is related to the research conducted at the Laboratory of Lasers and New Materials (LLNM) of Cairo University. Moreover, the signal to noise ratio is much higher than that of other spectroscopic techniques. Suggested Citation:"MEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF PHYSICS. Second, I will remind you of an enormously important phase in the history of biology in which physicists transformed the study of living things by helping to discover … bacteria, moulds, yeasts and viruses). They have also provided faster diagnostics that enabled more rapid analysis and evaluation protocols, and in this way they have definitely revolutionized the bio-sensing mechanisms. fat, muscles, tumors and organs like liver or heart) all absorb nearly equally the X-ray, and thus are hard to distinguish from oneanother on an X-ray image. Moreover, they have the potential of enhancing X-ray imaging and could provide important applications in medical radiology and holography, as well as medical diagnostics and treatments. Many of the techniques used for examining the eye and treating ocular diseases take advantage of the properties of light. It generally concerns physics as applied to medical imaging and radiotherapy. Nano-technology has clearly shown a tremendous potential in medical sciences. Medical physicists from the University of Puerto Rico (USA), experimentally demonstrated how quantum dots are an ideal “mediator” in such multimodality regimes [94]. Graphene nanopore sequencing provides very inexpensive and rapid DNA sequencing and has potential to boostpersonalized health care. The contribution of physics to the development of X-ray diagnosis was vital in the early years of this century following Rontgen's discovery of X-rays in November 1895. By loading the particles with chemotherapy drugs–established cancer killers–one can deliver the drugs to tumor cells without damaging healthy cells. Their work stemmed from that of physicists such as Wilhelm Röntgen, who discovered X-rays; Max … The system detection covered a wavelength range from 200 to 1200 nm in single shot. It has a long history that goes back at least as far as the Renaissance era when experimental sciences first started to take root, and was largely developed through two important discoveries in physics: X-rays by Wilhelm Rontgen and radioactivity by Antoine Henri Becquerel and Mme Curie, in the beginning of the twentieth century. • It reduces the possibility of contamination as well as standard errors. • It gives online quantification for all trace elements in a tissue simultaneously. The nanoparticles protect the vaccine, allowing it more time to trigger a stronger immune response. Its impact onthe advances in the medical field is considerable through its many promising applications in the area of cancer treatment, the treatment of infectious, cardiovascular, neurological, lung and blood diseases, diabetes and dentistry. • In vivo identification of ulcerated tissues. It is well known that tumors stimulate the growth of new blood vessels in their neighborhoods that can supply them with oxygen and other nutrients to sustain their rapid cell replication and growth [87]. Pakistan's Newspaper on Science, Technology, Engineering, Innovation. The spectrograph was coupled to an intensified charge coupled device (ICCD) camera with which the light collected can be scanned over the wavelengths of interest (Figure 1). Wang have used optical fibers with nano-size diameters and coated with antibodies to detect the presence of toxicants within the single cell [102]. Medical physics is generally split into two major subgroups, specifically radiation therapy and radiology. Other researchers found that graphene could deliver oligonucleotides, such as molecular beacons and aptamers, into living cells for in situ probing of biomolecules [140-143]. They received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2010 for their work on isolating graphene for the first time and investigating its unique and peculiar properties [126,127]. Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is a form of optical emission spectroscopy [1-3]. Concerning the first category, Patlak implemented the LIBS technique in order to study the role of various elements in the formation of gallstones (formed under the emphysema and mucosal state of gall bladder) [9]. This invention led him, together with Allan Cormack, to earn a Nobel Prize in medicine in 1979. Medical physics is the application of physics principles to medicine or health care. The trace elements Mg, K, Ca, Na, Fe, Mn and Cu were identified with different concentrations in the liver tissues under study. The study of transition probabilities and radiative lifetimes of laser levels in atomic systems was initiated by El- Sherbini in the physics department of the faculty of science at Cairo University. Therefore, the main components of a biosensor are the bioreceptor, the transducer and the detector. Its members are professionals working in healthcare, education, industry and research. Biochemistry is the study of chemistry that occurs within living organisms. These two drugs work synergistically and were found to be more effective than either drug alone [165]. A key component of biosensing is the transduction mechanism which is responsible for converting the responses of bioanalyte interactions in an identifiable and reproducible manner, using the conversion of specific biochemical reaction energy, into an electrical form through the use of the transduction mechanism. "The Arab Contribution to the Music of the Western World" (PDF). Nanoparticles less than 50 nm in size are capable of entering cells, if they are less than 20 nm, they can also transmit out of small blood vessels. Nanomaterials with unique optical properties such as quantum dots, with different emission wavelengths can be excited by a single excitation source while organic dyes with different emission wavelengths must be excited by multiple excitation sources [98]. (CT) X-ray imaging unveiled the mystery of the incidence and evolution of many diseases. The Nova lasers were initially developedas high energy sources for the LLIN’s laser fusion program. Afterwards, another group further showed that nano-graphene was significantly better than carbon nanotubes in inducing photothermal death of U251 human glioma cells in vitro [133]. I suggested that the goal of medicine and supporting science is to ensure that people live long and die quickly and I contrasted this with the past scenarios. Fan and and his research group reported a graphene oxide-based multicolor DNA probe for rapid, sensitive and selective detection of DNA targets in solutions. This was the diagnosis and classification of liver cancer using the LIBS technique [10]. In the nineties of last century and the beginning of this century, biomedical optical imaging witnessed breakthroughs in the development of imaging techniques, with the invention of the Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy (SNOM) and the Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (STORM). Here, antibodies that are strongly attracted to proteins produced in one type of breast cancer cellwere attached to nanotubes, causing for the nanotubes to accumulate on the tumor. The atomic physics group at the laboratory of lasers and new materials (LLNM) at Cairo University studied the effect of nano-structured targets on the enhancement of X- ray emission from plasmas produced after target irradiation with intense laser beams [49]. Seamless Metal Globe. It is used mostly in medical imaging research and relies on the object under study being at least partially light- transmitted or translucent and it therefore works best on soft tissue, such as breast and brain tissues. Physics is the branch of science which deals with matter and its relation to energy. This multi-detector row scanning had transformed (CT) into a dynamic and fully three-dimensional imaging technique. Soon afterwards, it was followed by the invention of the atomic force microscope (AFM), by Gerd Binning and Calvin Quate in 1986 [75]. The samples were collected from the Purvanchal region of Uttar Pradesh, India. One example is Caelyx, a liposome carrier containing the cancer drug doxorubicin [85]. These techniques are developed mainly for nanostructure investigations. Physics is the study of our natural world. There is a growing interest in LIBS, particularly in the last 20 years due to its applications in industry, environment, medicine, forensic sciences and arts [5-7]. They increase the absorption of incident X-ray or gamma ray radiation, inducing electron ejection and generating free radicals. 1986. The main function of the biosensor is to sense a biological specific material such as antibodies, proteins, enzymes, immunological molecules etc. Physics is second only to mathematics in the purity of its principles. Figure 4: Artistic rendering of a DNA molecule traversing through a small whole (gap) made in an atomic layer of graphene that is located on a Si/S (coutesy: Cees D, Lab TU Delfet/Terr). LIBS application as a diagnostic technique that can rapidly detect and identify pathogenic microorganism is therefore of utmost interest to the medical community. Another possible application is in disease detection, since graphene was found to change shape at the presence of certain disease markers, such as toxins [163]. And what is medical imaging? They offer a more intense fluorescent light emission, longer fluorescence lifetimes and increased multiplexing capabilities compared to conventional materials [111]. Ultrasonic … What is physics to specific types of cells is currently to. Is well known that X-rays are not absorbed equally well by different parts of the tissues [ ]! To environmental monitoring and medical systems, and especially the politicians that determine fundings need. In irradiated cells [ 90 ] Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Copyright © 2020 rights. These photo-switchable probes can be mainly classified into two categories [ 8 ] from... By a near infrared ( NIR ) fluorescence dye for in vivo or in vitro stone (! 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