The major failure of 1920 was the attack on Poland, which followed Polish attacks into disputed areas during 1919 and early 1920. An attempt by Komuch, the Siberian Provisional Government and others in the east to form a unified government produced a five-man Directory. Another was Gen. Malleson, leading the Malleson Mission, who assisted the Mensheviks in Ashkhabad (now the capital of Turkmenistan) with a small Anglo-Indian force. [32] However, after the Bolshevik destruction of the Provisional Government in Tashkent, Muslim elites formed an autonomous government in Turkestan, commonly called the "Kokand autonomy" (or simply Kokand). They had an agreement with the new Bolshevik government to be evacuated from the Eastern Front via the port of Vladivostok to France. The first period lasted from the Revolution until the Armistice. The original purpose of intervention, to revive an eastern front against Germany, was now meaningless. The Civil War started shortly after Bolsheviks seized power in the October Revolution, although the first rumblings can be said to have started with the march on Petrograd by Tsarist army Commander-in-Chief, Lavr Kornilov. Only a few hundred of them reached Persia in June 1920. "The Defeat of Communism". By 19 October Yudenich's troops had reached the outskirts of the city. The Ukrainian Soviet government was nearly powerless in the face of a centralized monolith Communist Party apparatus based in Moscow. There were an additional 6,242,926 hospitalizations due to sickness. Areas on the outskirts of the Russian empire took advantage of the chaos to declare independence and in 1918 almost the whole periphery of Russia was lost to the Bolsheviks by localized military revolts. Following the abortive offensive at Chelyabinsk, the White armies withdrew beyond the Tobol. The third was Maj. Gen. Dunsterville, who the Bolsheviks drove out of Central Asia only a month after his arrival in August 1918. Hence, many of these countries expressed their support for the Whites, including the provision of troops and supplies. Here is the whole story. The first attempt to regain power from the Bolsheviks was made by the Kerensky-Krasnov uprising in October 1917. The Whites were far from being a unified force. [11], The Red Army also utilized former Tsarist officers as "military specialists" (voenspetsy);[15] sometimes their families were taken hostage in order to ensure their loyalty. What were the effects of the Russian Civil War? Within a few weeks the Red Army defending Petrograd had tripled in size and outnumbered Yudenich three to one. Between seven and ten million had died from war, disease, and famine. The remaining White forces under Yevgeny Miller evacuated the region in February 1920. Some members of the Bolshevik central committee in Moscow were willing to give up Petrograd, but Trotsky refused to accept the loss of the city and personally organized its defenses. in Ian C. D. Moffat. French forces landed in Odessa but, after having done almost no fighting, withdrew on 8 April 1919. Russia started the war with the word's largest army: approximately 5 million soldiers once they were fully mobilized. The White Army launched several attacks from the East in March, the South in July, and West in October 1919. The worker’s revolt the Reds were anticipating didn’t happen, and the Soviet army was ejected. Winston Churchill declared that Bolshevism must be "strangled in its cradle". Kolchak and multiple armies attacked from the Urals towards the west made some gains, got bogged down in the thawing snow, and were pushed well back beyond the mountains. In the Ural-Guryev operation of 1919–1920, the Red Turkestan Front defeated the Ural Army. By the beginning of 1920 the main body of the Armed Forces of South Russia was rapidly retreating towards the Don, to Rostov. The Czechs decided to ally with anti-Bolshevik forces in the hope of fighting against Germany again. The Russian Civil War is an historical event that brings together many different phenomena related to twentieth century history. The Bolsheviks have consolidated their power, with the party expanding, dissidents being quelled and institutions taking shape. The American Civil War started due to the secession of Southern states who then went on to form a new federal government, the Confederate States of America.American president Abraham Lincoln declared in his inaugural address that he would use force to maintain possession of Federal property and the war began with the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861. Immediately after the two Revolutions of 1917, the Civil War broke out in the former Russian Empire. The outbreak of the Russian Civil War and its big scale surprised Vladimir Lenin. Trotsky himself declared, "It is impossible for a little army of 15,000 ex-officers to master a working-class capital of 700,000 inhabitants." On the news of Kornilov’s death, Lenin announced: “It can be said with certainty that, in the main, the civil war has ended.” (Mawdsley, The Russian Civil War, p. 22) He could not have been more wrong. the causes of bolshevik victory in the civil war Posted on June 22, 2016 by MSW Although the Bolsheviks ultimately won the civil war, their victory at the outset was by no means assured, nor did it seem so to weary contemporaries. In January 1918 the Bolsheviks dissolved the Russian Constituent Assembly and proclaimed the Soviets (workers' councils) as the new government of Russia. Pressing Issues That Led to the Civil War. Mass arrests of Socialist-Revolutionaries followed. The Russian Revolution was caused by poor treatment of the peasants and factory workers under the rule of Tsar Nicholas II. A long and bloody civil war followed. British support of the White Army provided the greatest threat to the Red Army in Central Asia during 1918. The Russian Civil War was a civil war fought from November 1917 until October 1922 between several groups in Russia.The main fighting was between the Red Army and the White Army.The Red Army was an army of communists.The White Army opposed the communists. Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated the total number of men killed in action in the Civil War and Polish–Soviet War as 300,000 (125,000 in the Red Army, 175,500 White armies and Poles) and the total number of military personnel dead from disease (on both sides) as 450,000. British historian Orlando Figes has contended that the root of the Whites' defeat was their inability to dispel the popular image that they were not only associated with Tsarist Russia but supportive of a Tsarist restoration, as well. White resistance was sporadic for two years until the collapse of the White Army in Yakut in June 1923, but went on in Central Asia and Khabarovsk Krai. By January 1920, with non-Russian nationalities and Muslim Jadidists, the Bolsheviks won the war. [19] The British and French had supported Russia during World War I on a massive scale with war materials. William Henry Chamberlin suspected that there were about 50,000. The rest of the former Russian Empire was consolidated into the Soviet Union shortly afterwards.[10]. Other White gains were also driven back as the Reds took advantage of overreaching lines. The latter, only 205 miles (330 km) from Moscow, was the closest the AFSR would come to its target. The treaty of B-L provided the context for the Civil War. Consequently, they failed to pull together in a unified front and were forced to operate independently. Former Imperial Russian and then Finnish Gen. Mannerheim planned an intervention to help the Whites in Russia capture Petrograd. The ‘Reds’ were clustered around the capital. Promising an end to the war and "all power to the Soviets," the Bolsheviks then ended dual power by suppressing the Provisional Government in late October, on the eve of the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets, in what would be the second Revolution of 1917. [40][41][42][43][44] The German and Austro-Hungarian victories in Ukraine were due to the apathy of the locals and the inferior fighting skills of Bolsheviks troops compared to their Austro-Hungarian and German counterparts.[44]. ", Smele, Jonathan D. "‘If Grandma had Whiskers...': Could the Anti-Bolsheviks have won the Russian Revolutions and Civil Wars? The industrial production value descended to one-seventh of the value of 1913 and agriculture to one-third. According to Pravda, "The workers of the towns and some of the villages choke in the throes of hunger. There were three reasons why Civil War broke out in Russia in 1918. The 1917 Bolshevik Revolution sparked a civil war that lasted more than five years and cost the lives of millions of Russians. This, combined with the creation of the Provisional All-Russian Government, saw the reduction of the Bolsheviks to most of European Russia and parts of Central Asia. By 1922 there were at least 7,000,000 street children in Russia as a result of nearly ten years of devastation from World War I and the civil war.[89]. They became known as the ‘Whites’ in contrast to the Bolsheviks' ‘Red Army’. An attempted invasion of southern Ukraine was rebuffed by the Black Army under Makhno's command. The Whites were loath to recognize land reforms, so didn’t convert the peasants to their cause, and were loath to recognize nationalist movements, so largely lost their support. This civil war is often said to have started in 1918, but bitter fighting began in 1917. Six days later this regime was replaced by a Bolshevik-dominated Military-Revolutionary Committee. This opposition came from indigenous people, Czechs legions in Russia, and the West. Consequently, when the Soviet counteroffensive began in January 1919 under the Bolshevik leader Antonov-Ovseenko, the Cossack forces rapidly fell apart. January 1919- Troops from most Allied nations, who are more abundant after the end of World War I, are sent to Russia to fight with the Whites against the Bolsheviks, largely in Siberia through the Eastern city of Vladivostok. This failure allowed the Bolsheviks to establish themselves as rulers of the new, communist USSR, which would directly and substantially affect European history for decades. Following the Treaty of Tartu most of Yudenich's soldiers went into exile. Stephen Lee, European Dictatorships, 1987 Bunce, et al, Communist States, 2015. In July two Left SR and Cheka employees, Blyumkin and Andreyev, assassinated the German ambassador, Count Mirbach. [64] The Cossack Don Army under the command of Gen. Vladimir Sidorin continued north towards Voronezh, but there Semyon Budyonny's cavalrymen defeated them on 24 October. [53] Baltic German volunteers captured Riga from the Red Latvian Riflemen on 22 May, but the Estonian 3rd Division defeated the Baltic Germans a month later, aiding the establishment of the Republic of Latvia.[54]. ", Mieczysław B. Biskupski, "War and the Diplomacy of Polish Independence, 1914–18.". General Anatoly Pepelyayev continued armed resistance in the Ayano-Maysky District until June 1923. Although Russia experienced extremely rapid economic growth[90] in the 1930s, the combined effect of World War I and the Civil War left a lasting scar on Russian society and had permanent effects on the development of the Soviet Union. He then took Kharkov and Tsaritsyn, broke out into Ukraine, and began a general move north towards Moscow from across large parts of the south, providing the greatest threat to the Soviet capital of the war. The peasants responded to requisitions by refusing to till the land. Hope everybody can follow this. The Red Terror of the Cheka was more effective than the White Terror, allowing a greater grip on their host population, stopping the sort of internal rebellion that might have fatally weakened the Reds. There were also the ‘Greens’. War Communism saved the Soviet government during the Civil War, but much of the Russian economy had ground to a standstill. [33] The White Russians supported this government body, which lasted several months because of Bolshevik troop isolation from Moscow. The White threat was at its greatest in October 1919 (Mawdsley, The Russian Civil War, p. 195), but how great this threat was is debated. The Western Allies armed and supported opponents of the Bolsheviks. One was Lt. Col. Bailey, who recorded a mission to Tashkent, from where the Bolsheviks forced him to flee. The Russian Empire fought in World War I from 1914 alongside France and the United Kingdom (Triple Entente) against Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire (Central Powers). Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The situation soon broke down into rebel forces dominating some regions and the Reds, under a puppet Ukrainian leader, holding others. The main cause of the Russian Civil War was the previous Russian Revolution. The Bolsheviks stimulated further opposition when they signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany. Russia’s role in the Civil War was more palpable than just expressing diplomatic support. The Russian Civil War was a civil war fought from November 1917 until October 1922 between several groups in Russia.The main fighting was between the Red Army and the White Army.The Red Army was an army of communists.The White Army opposed the communists. Leon Trotsky soon reformed the Red Army, concluding the first of two military alliances with the anarchists. In fact, seven million people died because of it. These advances were later checked with the Eastern Front counteroffensive, the Southern Front counteroffensive, and defeat of the Northwestern Army. Under Soviet pressure, the Volunteer Army embarked on the epic Ice March from Yekaterinodar to Kuban on 22 February 1918, where they joined with the Kuban Cossacks to mount an abortive assault on Yekaterinodar. Moffat, "The Allies Act—Murmansk and Archangel." Slipshod evacuation of Novorossiysk proved to be a dark event for the White Army. The Tsar’s former elite joined in droves because, with their pensions canceled, they had little choice. The remoteness of the Volga Region, the Ural Region, Siberia and the Far East was favorable for the anti-Bolshevik forces, and the Whites set up a number of organizations in the cities of these regions. Following the defeat of Germany in World War I in November 1918, these states were abolished. For many, the war happened so early in the lifespan of the Bolshevik’s rule that it had a massive effect, leading to the party’s willingness to coerce by violence, use highly centralized policies, dictatorship, and ‘summary justice’. Shortly before the fall of Yekaterinburg on 17 July 1918, the former Tsar and his family were murdered by the Ural Soviet to prevent them from falling into the hands of the Whites. The Bolsheviks worked with other socialist groups like the Mensheviks and SRs when they needed to, and turned against them when the chance was there. It’s also believed that the failure of the Whites to adopt a program of policies that would have appealed to the peasants or the nationalists stopped them from gaining any mass support. [87] The White Terror, as it would become known, killed about 300,000 people in total. [14] The forced conscription drive had mixed results, successfully creating a larger army than the Whites, but with members indifferent towards Marxist–Leninist ideology. What were the causes of the civil war between the Bolsheviks and the Russian army of the Non-Bolshevik socialists ? The czar wanted to lead his men into battle, having a somewhat romantic notion of the Russians swooping in with their vast numbers and crushing the enemy. In December 1917 Alekseev was joined by General Lavr Kornilov, Denikin and other Tsarist officers who had escaped from the jail, where they had been imprisoned following the abortive Kornilov affair just before the Revolution. The White Movement also suffered greater loss as the Allies pulled back from North and South Russia. The smaller body (Kiev and Odessa troops) withdrew to Odessa and the Crimea, which it had managed to protect from the Bolsheviks during the winter of 1919–1920. The Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries supported peasants fighting against Soviet control of food supplies. Red Army attacks on the anarchist forces and their sympathisers increased in ferocity throughout 1921. The Czech legion wanted independence but they couldn't achieve it while the Bolsheviks were in power. Radical leftist revolutionaries overthrew Russia’s czar Nicholas II, ending centuries of Romanov rule. Throughout the 19th century, the majority of Russia's leaders were harsh and caused civil unrest. In May 1918, the Czech Legion in Russia revolted in Siberia. Having stated in the November 1917 "Declaration of Rights of Nations of Russia" that any nation under imperial Russian rule should be immediately given the power of self-determination, the Bolsheviks had begun to usurp the power of the Provisional Government in the territories of Central Asia soon after the establishment of the Turkestan Committee in Tashkent. After seizing control of Russia from the Provisional Government, the Bolsheviks had to safeguard their fragile grip on the reins of power. December 18 th - France enters the Russian Civil War by sending troops to the city of Odessa in alliance with the Whites. Trotsky extended the use of the death penalty to the occasional political commissar whose detachment retreated or broke in the face of the enemy. The Russian Civil War that followed is a horrifying story of … On the 11th Simbirsk fell, and on 8 October Samara. On the Volga, Col. Kappel's White detachment captured Kazan on 7 August, but the Reds re-captured the city on 8 September 1918 following a counteroffensive. Civil war began in Afghanistan"s borders and people were fighting between pro- and ant- communist forces. They now came under the command of General Denikin. The Japanese, who had plans to annex the Amur Krai, finally pulled their troops out as Bolshevik forces gradually asserted control over the Russian Far East. They dismissed the elected Constitutional Assembly at gunpoint and banned opposition politics; it was clear they wanted a dictatorship. With the end of the war, the Communist Party no longer faced an acute military threat to its existence and power. Lacking ammunition, artillery and fresh reinforcements, Denikin's army was decisively defeated in a series of battles in October and November 1919. Russian exiles argued that, since the pre-Bolshevik governments of Russia had remained loyal to the Allies, the Allies were bound to help them. between ‘monist’ and pluralist or between ethnic and linguistic categories) are highly misleading in Ukraine. The dates of these attacks (May 25th, 1918) are often incorrectly called the start of the Civil War, but the Czech legion did swiftly take a large territory, especially when compared to the armies in World War 1, thanks to seizing almost the entire railway and with it access to vast areas of Russia. Kolchak, pushed out of Omsk and vital supply territory by the Reds, tried to establish himself at Irktusk, but his forces fell apart and, after resigning, he was arrested by left-leaning rebels he’d managed to totally alienate during his rule, given to the Reds, and executed. He settled on a strategy of urban defense, proclaiming that the city would "defend itself on its own ground" and that the White Army would be lost in a labyrinth of fortified streets and there "meet its grave".[55]. The Armed Forces of South Russia were thus created. Disease had reached pandemic proportions, with 3,000,000 dying of typhus in 1920 alone. [57], At the beginning of March 1919 the general offensive of the Whites on the eastern front began. While resistance to the Red Guard began on the very next day after the Bolshevik uprising, the Treaty of Brest-Litovskand the political ban became a catalyst for the formation of anti-Bolshevik groups both inside and outside Russia, pushing them into action against the new regime. A ‘Government of South Russia’ under Vrangel was formed in the region as the remainder fought on and advanced out but were pushed back. [45] In May 1918, with the support of the Czechoslovak Legion, they took Samara and Saratov, establishing the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly—known as the "Komuch". Kaledin of the Don Cossacks and General Grigory Semenov of the Siberian Cossacks were prominent among them. Other forces fought against both these groups or sometimes helped one against the other. The Bolsheviks saw the war as a struggle between their workers and Russia’s upper and middle classes, and as a war of socialism against international capitalism. Battle in the civil war was fully joined by the middle of June 1918 on multiple fronts. The signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk also resulted in direct Allied intervention in Russia and the arming of military forces opposed to the Bolshevik government. The Bolsheviks responded by expelling them from the Soviets and then targeted them with a secret police force. So hard, in fact, that it led to the end of the Russian Empire. Geographical position also contributed to the Reds victory in the Russian Civil War. The Russian Civil War (Russian: Гражданская война в России, tr. Meanwhile, World War 1 had ended, and the European states engaged in foreign intervention suddenly found their key motivation had evaporated. For a time Central Asia was completely cut off from Red Army forces in Siberia. The Whites wished to challenge the Reds' control of Russia, and wanted to continue the war … Russian Civil War (1918–20), conflict in which the Red Army successfully defended the newly formed Bolshevik government led by Vladimir Lenin against various Russian and interventionist anti-Bolshevik armies. The failure of the Whites in the civil war was caused in large part by their failure to unite, although because of Russia’s vast geography it’s hard to see how they ever could have provided a united front. A loose confederation of anti-Bolshevik forces aligned against the Communist government, including landowners, republicans, conservatives, middle-class citizens, reactionaries, pro-monarchists, liberals, army generals, non-Bolshevik socialists who still had grievances and democratic reformists voluntarily united only in their opposition to Bolshevik rule. The Red Army eventually halted this offensive, and Wrangel's troops had to retreat to Crimea in November 1920, pursued by both the Red and Black cavalry and infantry. That rather puts the American Civil War in the shade, though there are endless television dramas made on that conflict. The Baku Soviet Commune ended its existence and was replaced by the Central Caspian Dictatorship. Major Ewen Cameron Bruce of the British Army had volunteered to command a British tank mission assisting the White Army. While the White armies were being routed in Central Russia and the east, they had succeeded in driving Nestor Makhno's anarchist Black Army (formally known as the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine) out of part of southern Ukraine and the Crimea. Britain intervened in support of the White forces to defeat the Bolsheviks and prevent the spread of communism across Europe. [36] However, after the military fiasco of the summer offensive (June 1917) by the Russian Provisional Government had devastated the structure of the Russian Army, it became crucial that Lenin realize the promised peace. Russian Civil War “Lenin was prepared for a civil war and perhaps even welcomed it as a chance to build his party’s power base.” Rationale - Civil War would polarise ‘revolutionary’ & ‘counter- The world’s first With the main base of the Russian SFSR secured, the Soviets could now strike back. [56] In fact, the Reds attacked Estonian army positions and fighting continued until a cease-fire went into effect on 3 January 1920. In Lenin and Trotsky, the Bolsheviks had strong leaders. At this point Yudenich, short of supplies, decided to call off the siege of the city and withdrew, repeatedly asking permission to withdraw his army across the border to Estonia. General Denikin's military strength continued to grow in the spring of 1919. The Cossacks had been unable to organise and capitalise on their successes at the end of 1918. Stewart-Smith, D.G. In November, General Mikhail Alekseev, the Tsar's Chief of Staff during the First World War, began to organize the Volunteer Army in Novocherkassk. Soon after the Russian Revolution of 1917, the first period of the Russian Civil War began. Ufa was retaken on 13 March; by mid-April, the White Army stopped at the Glazov–Chistopol–Bugulma–Buguruslan–Sharlyk line. Losing the War. The Red Army captured Kiev on 3 February 1919.[60]. Later, the allies acted to try and secure the return of nationalized foreign investments and defend the new allies they’d made. Soon the Red Army split the Don and Volunteer armies, forcing an evacuation in Novorossiysk in March and Crimea in November 1920. Denikin's troops took the cities of Kharkov and Belgorod. Wrangel's fleet evacuated him and his army to Constantinople on 14 November 1920, ending the struggle of Reds and Whites in Southern Russia. Trotsky armed all available workers, men and women, ordering the transfer of military forces from Moscow. What were the causes of the Russian Civil War? By this time Denikin's forces were dangerously overextended. The SRs created their own republic in Volga but their socialist army was beaten. Russian Civil War - Russian Civil War - Foreign intervention: The Allied governments now had to decide on their policy in the confused Russian situation. Among the antagonists were the Czechoslovak Legion,[28] the Poles of the 4th and 5th Rifle Divisions and the pro-Bolshevik Red Latvian riflemen. Estonia cleared its territory of the Red Army by January 1919. Reacting to this, the Allies began an intervention in Northern Russia and Siberia. Border regions like Latvia and Lithuania turned into stalemates as Russia preferred to fight elsewhere. The towns are full of refuse. On 20 June Denikin issued his Moscow directive, ordering all AFSR units to prepare for a decisive offensive to take Moscow. Most of the fighting in this first period was sporadic, involving only small groups amid a fluid and rapidly shifting strategic situation. Timely: The 1920 Russian Civil War in Siberia December 27, 2020; The Lawsuit to challenge the Scamdemic December 27, 2020; Christmas & AntiChristness December 27, 2020; Dr. Alessandro Meluzzi e Armando Manocchia: 2020 Un Anno Difficile December 27, 2020; The Tricks of Marxist Propagandists December 27, 2020 It took until 1922 for Japan to pull their troops out of the Far East. The railways barely crawl. Remnants of Kolchak's army reached Transbaikalia and joined Semyonov's troops, forming the Far Eastern army. After an abortive move north against the Red Army, Wrangel's troops were forced south by Red Army and Black Army forces; Wrangel and the remains of his army were evacuated to Constantinople in November 1920. Commissar whose detachment retreated or broke in the former Russian Empire and fought in the Crimea mostly civilians Soviet... Of Bolshevik troop isolation from Moscow up this committee, which was caused by aristocracy in sudden! 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Between Lake Baikal and the West Vladimir Lenin and near ruin declared that Bolshevism must be `` in! From where the Bolsheviks from Ukraine Count Mirbach eastwards to Ufa and Orenburg,. Take control of the Directory were arrested and Kolchak proclaimed the `` Supreme Ruler of Russia an.. Soviet government was nearly powerless in the Process and factory workers under the Bolshevik government be. Lasted several months because of it determined the fate of [ the city on 26 July 1918 other gains... Them out of the War was the extended siege of the Russian Civil War in what caused the russian civil war. Did not completely dismantle this group until 1934. [ 75 ] remnants of Kolchak 's forces constituted real. Event which generally gets lumped together with the Anarchists position also contributed to the Red Army around 20,000 men ]! Army was formed were anticipating didn ’ t happen, and thus began the uninterrupted retreat of Kolchak Siberia.
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