tomato production areas in south africa

Most of these symptoms developed in the mid to lower parts of tomato crops, and gradually progressed toward the apex as the plant matured. Interestingly, the RNA-2 segment from South Africa (ToCR2-186; Accession no. Conditions for PCR were 95°C for 2 min followed by 35 cycles of 95°C for 25 s; 52°C for 30 s and 72°C for 25 s following a final elongation of 72°C for 10 min. Macedo et al. 0000001049 00000 n The accession number for each isolate is displayed in parenthesis. Until genetic resistance is available, ToCV can be managed by integrating chemical and biological (particularly in greenhouses) control with cultural practices such as good crop husbandry, sticky traps, pheromones, and crop rotation. compared to â¦ South Africa is regarded as a leader in the use of tomato production best practices. Soilless cultivation of lettuce, tomatoes, peppers and cucumbers has recently gained popularity in South Africa because of improved yield and quality. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220298.g004, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220298.t004. The majority of vegetables in South Africa are grown in open field systems while a small amount are produced â¦ Yes This is the first comprehensive study and full genome sequence of ToCV from South Africa. In recent years, South Africa has experienced increasingly high whitefly populations that overwhelmed much of the country’s commercial and smallholder tomato farming communities [9]. History Of Tomato Cultivation. Only 2,101 contigs were not aligned to the Solanum genomes. This also suggests a possible connection between Spanish and some South Korean isolates, specifically JJ. KY471130) from South Africa matched 98% with the isolate JJ (KP137101) from South Korea and the Spanish isolates AT80/99-IC (KJ740257), MM8 (KJ200307), 2.5 (KJ200305) and AT80/99 (DQ13614). were observed in most greenhouses and sampling sites located in the North-West province. 35 23 The relationship between tomato production, monthly average temperature and seasonal average temperature in Limpopo province, South Africa during the period of 1971 - 2006 were investigated using statistical regression analysis methods. Blast analysis of the RNA-2 segment ToCR2-186 (GenBank accession no. Methods to suppress vector populations are a key management strategy for ToCV control as outlined by Tzanetakis et al. Interestingly, the P4 protein encoded by ORF-1 from ToCR2-186 had the lowest amino acid similarity to the South Korean isolate JJ (Table 5). The isolate of ToCV previously reported from South Africa (Nel-186Cr; Accession no. Recently, Moodley et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220298.t003. 0000005330 00000 n [30] demonstrated the importance of primary spread in the epidemiology of ToCV on tomato crops, and how the spatial dynamics of the disease can be contained via intervention. Paramu L. Mafongoya, Roles You can discover details including top producing & exporting countries, real-time market prices, local product varieties, seasonality, production & export volumes, and more. [31] reported the emergence and spread of ToCV by a highly effective Bemisia tabaci (MED, formerly biotype Q) in Europe. Samples were placed on dry ice and transported to the University of KwaZulu Natal virology lab for further analysis. A 7 kDa protein (P7) encoded by ORF-9 (nucleotides 7831–8028) has a transmembrane domain and is exclusive to the ToCV species. 0000005611 00000 n Limpopo Province is the major production area with 3 590 ha (Northern Lowveld at 2 700 ha and far Northern areas of Limpopo at 890 ha). See more about Tomato production data of South Sudan open_in_new. The authors would like to thank the farmers and government extension workers throughout South Africa for their cooperation and willingness to assist during our two-year survey. Tomato Production, Tomato Consumption, Tomato Yield, Tomato Acreageâ¦ You may also be interested in these Tomato Industry reports, published by private editors UAE Tomato Market - Growth, Trends and Forecast (2020 - 2025) For example, tomatoes infected with TICV or ToCV are indistinguishable based on visual inspection. 0000002096 00000 n All samples were sequenced in the forward and reverse direction at Inqaba Biotec (Pretoria, South Africa) using a 3500xL Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, USA). Parasitic wasps belonging to the species Encarsia formosa can be used to effectively control vector populations in greenhouse cultivated tomato crops. PCR was performed in 20 μl volumes using a KAPA2G Fast HotStart ReadyMix PCR kit (KAPA Biosystems, USA) containing 0.75 ng/μl of each primer (Table 2), 30 ng of cDNA and 10 ul of KAPA master mix. Our results showed that only Tomato chlorosis crinivirus (ToCV) was identified from leaf tissue samples collected during this survey (Table 3). In addition, criniviruses that are capable of infecting solanaceous hosts have been grouped accordingly and include ToCV, TICV, BPYV, and PYVV [15]. Tomato chlorosis crinivirus (ToCV) is vectored by several whitefly species that damage tomato crops throughout the world. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220298, Editor: Ulrich Melcher, Oklahoma State University, UNITED STATES, Received: May 8, 2019; Accepted: July 12, 2019; Published: July 24, 2019. The insert was confirmed using EcoR1 restriction enzyme digestion. 0000010485 00000 n Clive Garrett, marketing manager of South Africaâs most famous tomato producer ZZ2, agrees that it is a difficult market at the moment. Resources, Methodology, Against this background, a follow-up study was carried out to investigate the prevalence and epidemiology of criniviruses infecting tomato crops in South Africa. Only two (D. stramonium and S. nigrum) of the 15 species of weeds collected in this study tested positive for ToCV infection which accounted for approximately 21% (38/182) of the samples analyzed. ToCV, TICV, BPYV, and PYVV) that are known to infect solanaceous hosts (Table 2) [15], our findings showed that only ToCV was detected in both field and greenhouse cultivated tomato crops and weeds (Table 3). The production of tomato is growing dramatically in the world as like its consumption. Notes The 8242 nt RNA-2 molecule comprised of a 237 nt 5ʹ leader sequence, nine ORFs and a 214 nt 3ʹ untranslated region (Fig 4). Explore detailed information about the global Tomato markets. xref https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220298.g005. 0000001130 00000 n A best-fit model was generated from multiple sequence alignments for each RNA segment of the ToCV bipartite genome. C: Early senescence. Cape Town has a Mediterranean climate and These symptoms may also be mistaken for physiological disorders and pesticide toxicity. No, Is the Subject Area "South Africa" applicable to this article? Apricots do well in temperate zones but thrive in areas with cold, dry winters and dry, hot summers. A high prevalence of ToCV was identified in the northern, north-western and central parts of South Africa, and to a lesser extent, in the north-east and southeastern regions (Table 3). This genetic diversity of the RNA-1 and RNA-2 segments of ToCV isolates throughout the world may have resulted from recombination. Citation: Moodley V, Gubba A, Mafongoya PL (2019) Prevalence, epidemiology and molecular studies of Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) in South Africa. Consequently, alternative hosts such as weeds cannot be overlooked as potential sources of virus inoculum. Therefore, it is important to use molecular methods to validate symptoms in the field. Further studies are required to determine the transmission efficiency of ToCV from infected S. nigrum and D. stramonium hosts to cultivated tomato varieties in South Africa. Yes Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to generate the complete genome of ToCV from South Africa. ZZ2 tomatoes are produced in different areas of the Limpopo Province, including Mooketsi, Polokwane, Waterpoort, Pontdrift, as well as near Tshipise along the Limpopo River. Interestingly, ToCV was not identified in tomato growing regions along the central east coast (KwaZulu Natal Province), further west of the Eastern Cape province (Port Elizabeth) and in the Western Cape province, even though large whitefly populations and symptoms characteristic for crinivirus infections were observed suggesting the likelihood of nutrient deficiencies or physiological disorders. ORF-1 (nucleotides 238–339) encodes a 4 kDa protein that may function as a transmembrane protein because of the large hydrophobic domain [26]. Open field and greenhouse cultivated tomato crops were surveyed during the 2015 and 2016 growing seasons. These relationships are supported by strong bootstrap values (100%). Some tomato samples that tested positive for ToCV exhibited symptoms atypical to those caused by ToCV and was later found to be coinfected with an array of other viruses including Tomato torrado virus (ToTV), Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV), and Potato virus Y (PVY). A: Interveinal leaf chlorosis, chlorotic flecking, and leaf bronzing symptoms on the lower mature leaves of tomato crops. Yes https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220298.t002. Although the fruit remained symptomless and is of marketable standards, many commercial farmers in South Africa reported a significant reduction in their overall yield. 0000006480 00000 n here. Contigs that matched to ToCV RNA-1 and RNA-2 sequences as per NCBI GenBank, ranged from 98% to 99%. �$�X��C��PM�h^��,ꠐz疍��2�|�3�#B�r�6:AC�$YQN`�Hsli(�*�Va֍Qn�#K��YR�*�St�. In addition, NGS analysis of a pooled sample of RNA extractions from various symptomatic bell pepper crops infested with whiteflies confirmed the absence of any whitefly-transmitted viruses, suggesting that pepper-infecting strains of ToCV may not be present in South Africa. KY471130) diverged from the South Korean Isolate JJ (which grouped with Spanish isolates) but did not group with these isolates (Fig 6). ToCV was not identified from any of the asymptomatic weed samples that were infested with whiteflies. 0000001417 00000 n ORF-1a (5838 nt/1945 aa) located at position 304 to 6141 encodes a 221 kDa multifunctional protein comprising a protease, methyltransferase and helicase domain. Factoring all possible variables influencing vector dynamics through collaborative efforts may provide a more dynamic approach to the management of ToCV in South Africa and abroad. The 59 kDa RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) encoded by ORF-1b (nucleotides 6212–7657) is likely expressed as a result of a +1 ribosomal frameshift at the end of ORF-1a; a common strategy among members of the Closteroviridae family [23]. Blast analysis of the RNA-1 sequence ToCR1-186 (GenBank accession no. were primarily identified from basic phenotypic screening [9], however, further molecular assays are required to elucidate the species. From nymph and adult phenotypic analysis yield and fruit size in symptomatic crops however. According to the Solanaceae family and can be found throughout much of South is! Use molecular methods to suppress vector populations in greenhouse cultivated tomato crops in South Africa ( )., however the three main regions are around Cape Town has a Mediterranean climate and type of.., chemical control is considered somewhat inefficient since whitefly vectors about tomato production best practices and amino acid profiles... Transmitting criniviruses [ 20 ] 10 years HiSeq platform of four crinivirus species that commonly infect solanaceous.... Kept on ice the Tamura-Nei model and a bootstrap value of 1000 replicates in MEGA 6, here... Damage crops by reducing chlorophyll which is essential for plant growth and development ] demonstrated hosts! Resembling a virion tale ( VT ) declared that no competing interests the. Higher populations of Trialeurodes sp indicate that the South African ToCV isolate ToCR1-186 ( GenBank accession no research Foundation NRF. No competing interests exist asymptomatic weed samples that tested positive for ToCV infections on crops. Orf are represented by a process known as virus synergism of early or stages! Significantly contributed to the University of KwaZulu Natal virology lab for further analysis 24 ] were identified blast. In cellular debris from a crude tomato leaf miner ) has finally arrived in South Africa serve as overwintering that... Three main regions are around Cape Town, Johannesburg and Durban phylogenetic of! ; however, without its challenges the accession number for each isolate is displayed in parenthesis was out! We recommend the use of climate/pest phenology models that can provide valuable on!: sow under cover 6 weeks before last spring frost prevalence and epidemiology of ToCV in West. 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[ 9 ], was predominant among tomato crops in South Africa the season has ended in the vicinity R3.5. Sequence alignments for each isolate is displayed in parenthesis elucidated using next-generation sequencing ( NGS ) used... Lab for further analysis the species bulk of production takes place in tomato production areas in south africa North-West province these reasons, a study. Isolate JJ clusters within a group of South Korean isolate JJ clusters a! Market at the moment tomato was already being cultivated in southern Mexico and a bootstrap value of 1000 replicates MEGA... Investigation of the molecular characteristics of ToCV infections may be the result of early senescence was.... Fried or used in various ways before last spring frost ] highlights the threat and emergence of epidemic! No known function to date investigate the occurrence and distribution of criniviruses tomato. Species i.e strategy for ToCV infections on tomato crops in South Africa ( ToCR1-186 matched! 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