In the past few years, some eve Hamilton Morris is a journalist who wants to explore the
and the lineage connecting the common ancestor of humans, chimpanzees and macaques with mice (mouse). Isoform identification and titin alternative splicing events in human skeletal muscle. NGC investigates the science of muscle by taking us on a journey inside the bodies of two remarkable humans with startling genetic conditions. More importantly, human-specific metabolic changes showed significant agreement with expression profiles of the linked metabolic enzymes in all tissues except one (CBC, Figure 3d). The colors indicate proportions of transcripts showing species-specific expression level changes on the human (red) and chimpanzee (orange) evolutionary lineages, as well as the lineage connecting the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees with macaques (gray). Transcripts are generated using a combination of speech recognition software and human transcribers, and may . Numbers of peaks showing species-specific concentration changes in each dataset. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.g003. In the t-test, samples from each tissue were tested separately. Written consent for the use of human tissues for research was obtained from all donors or their next of kin. You get that creative energy that just abounds here. Their homes are extraordinary. For a period of 4 weeks, monkeys from the control group continued with their routine lifestyle while monkeys from the other two groups were kept in special conditions. Incredible Human Machine Video Worksheet Directions: Answer the following questions as you watch the movie. We further conducted muscle strength tests in humans, chimpanzees, and macaques. Environmental differences between test macaques and macaques kept at standard conditions had only a modest effect on metabolite concentrations: a total of 37 and 78 metabolic peaks were affected in at least one of the five tissues by condition 1 and condition 2, respectively (permutation p<0.01, Figure 4b). CA License # A-588676-HAZ / DIR Contractor Registration #1000009744 capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry; FDR, Extraordinary Humans: Muscles | Doovi We hypothesize that rapid metabolic evolution in brain and skeletal muscle is associated with unique cognitive and physical abilities of humans. negative mode liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; [+]LC-MS, (2014) Exceptional Evolutionary Divergence of Human Muscle and Brain Metabolomes Parallels Human Cognitive and Physical Uniqueness. working?For some people, their muscles are the PAGPAG - Garbage Chicken a grim staple for Manila's poor, America's Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918. For instance, evolution of a large brain in humans, which consumes 20% of the total body energy at rest, has been suggested to involve changes in energy distribution among tissues, as well as adaptation to a nutrition-rich diet [4],[5]. Subsequently, 500 l of the upper, organic phase, plus 650 l of the polar phase (150 l for GC-MS and 500 l for LC-MS) were collected to three 1.5 ml Eppendorf tubes. the documentary. By contrast, the effects of sex, age, and tissue preservation on metabolite concentration variation were substantially smaller: on average <1, 12, and 8% of all the assayed metabolite peaks were affected by one of these factors, respectively (Figure 1d, Table S4). Organization of the Table is analogous to Table S14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s032. By contrast, all tested nonhuman primates were raised in captivity and were never subjected to physical training. Eventually, Fred was found guilty but . Asterisks colored according to the tissues show the proportions of metabolite peaks with significant concentration divergence on the human lineage relative to the chimpanzee linage. The studies were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use ethics committee at the Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences. We performed hierarchical clustering with complete linkage of metabolite peaks. Newscaster$ 2"[in" clip]:" Yeah," it's . Extraordinary Humans: Muscles & Skin (DVD) $19.93. For each gene we calculated the mean difference of its expression level between every pair of tissues and between every pair of species in each tissue. Weight and strength of an individual's pull in each testing session is indicated. For us humans, the things that make one different from someone else can be as simple as hair color, eye color, or height. The kidney samples were dissected from the renal cortex. For further analysis we kept reads with alignment score >150 and, among those that mapped to two locations, only those with a difference in alignment score 5. 14 Fun Facts About the Muscular System - Healthline ), the lineage connecting the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees with macaques (macaq. For each peak, concentration level in a given sample was normalized to the concentration across all samples of other primate species within the same tissue (base 2 logarithm-transformed ratios). episodes: 01. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s030. The splenius capitis and splenius cervicis, which are located in the back of the neck, work to rotate the head. RNA-seq data summary. (a) Functional units of KEGG pathways containing significant excesses of metabolites with human-specific concentration profiles in PFC and skeletal muscle. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s016. The engagement ring hasnt always been what it is today. The columns represent metabolite peaks; the rows represent 190 tissue samples sorted by species and tissue identity. In the pathway-based analysis (i) we tested both the overrepresentation of pathway enzymes with a corresponding expression profile, as well as pathway enzymes with a corresponding expression profile directly linked to the pathway metabolites with species-specific concentration profile or belonging to a tissue-specific cluster. extraordinary humans muscles transcript How does Jason describe living with the disease he has? Ms. GWEN . In 2012, Lauren Kornacki, a 22-year-old woman in Glen Allen, Virginia, raised a BMW 525i off her father when the car toppled from a jack. peaks with the same mass and RT differing by 0.5 were classified as overlapping and removed. Every waking moment his muscles flex out of his control, twisting his body into unusual positions. [23], using the Refiner MS software package version 6.0 (GeneData). The phylogenetic tree above the bars shows the human (red) and chimpanzee (orange) evolutionary lineages, the lineage connecting the common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees with macaques (gray), and the lineage connecting the common ancestor of humans, chimpanzees, and macaques with mice (blue). We use cookies to enhance the usability of our website. For the annotation of the GC-MS dataset, all of the GC-MS dataset chromatograms were processed and aligned as described previously [30],[31] using several reference compound libraries of commercially available authentic standards measured on the employed GC-MS system [31][33]. In brief, 50 mg of frozen powdered tissue material was re-suspended in 1 ml extraction solution containing 0.5 g of corticosterone, 1.5 g of 1,2-diheptadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (Avanti Polar Lipids, 850360P), 0.5 g of 13C sorbitol and 0.25 g of ampicillin. Genes showing differences in expression level in a particular species tissue compared with all other species in the same tissue, within the upper or lower 5% quintile of the difference distribution, were classified as species-specific in a given tissue. Get ready for liftoff: Today's special edition of CNN 10 is taking you up, up and away as we focus on space. ), macaque monkeys subjected to environmental condition 1 (C1), and macaque monkeys subjected to environmental condition 2 (C2) in brain, skeletal muscle, and kidney (t-test p<0.01). EXTRAORDINARY HUMANS: MUSCLES Video Questions - Teachers Pay Teachers CNN's Clarissa Ward reports from Kharkiv. Here, we assessed concentrations of more than 10,000 metabolites in three brain regions and two non-neural tissues (skeletal muscle and kidney) of humans, chimpanzees, macaque monkeys, and mice using mass spectrometry-based approaches. Yes The number of samples tested was limited to 85 samples for which the full annotation including RIN was known. The effects of postmortem delay, as well as environmental effects characteristic of the industrialized human lifestylea diet rich in fat and sugar content, low levels of exercise, and high levels of social stresswere assessed using the same set of metabolite measurements in 14 additional macaque monkeys (Table S2). Respiratory-The lungs are ridding the body of carbon dioxide and bringing in oxygen. Following the pathway enrichment analysis, in each species-specific metabolite group, metabolites belonging to two or more KEGG pathways and sharing more than two-thirds of the overrepresented pathways were incrementally grouped into functional units until no two metabolites sharing sufficient numbers of pathways could be grouped together. Also: a 16-year-old with Klippel-Trenaunay (KT) syndrome is profiled. Each diamond represents a sample colored according to tissue identity as indicated in the legend. S1 E10: National Geographic investigates the science of muscle by taking a journey inside the bodies of two remarkable humans with startling muscular disorders. National Geographic explores the science behind bones, blood, muscles, and skin. These individuals were housed in spacious group cages hosting family groups of about 20 individuals and providing open and walled living spaces of about 120 m3 in total. From a total set of tissue samples used in metabolite measurements, we selected, based on the RNA preservation, a subset of six samples from each species and each tissue (120 samples in total) for the analysis of gene expression. prefrontal cortex; RNA-seq, The total number of peaks in the dataset is indicated next to the dataset name, percentages of peaks in each category are shown in brackets. The error bars show 0.05 and 0.95 quintiles of the significant peak number distributions calculated by randomly sampling six human or six chimpanzee individuals 1,000 times. Rows represent KEGG pathways enriched in the respective metabolites. In analyses of species-specific metabolic changes unique to the five individual tissues used in this study, we excluded metabolite peaks with concentration levels specific to a given species and showing the same direction (increase or decrease) of change in multiple tissues within three tissue groups: (i) PFC and V1; (ii) cortex and CBC; (ii) brain, kidney, and muscle. Is it possible to live independently with dystonia? On the molecular level, such experiments could involve isolation of individual muscle types or functional groups and testing of their contractile properties. Just the variety of it and the range of it. The erector spinae muscles, for example, extend the back (bend it backward) and side bend the back. The preliminary transcript map of a human skeletal muscle Extraordinary Humans: Muscles | DocumentaryTube https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s029. In order to register the maximal pulling force, the electronic scale was continuously filmed by a camera placed on the moving shelf. This process resulted in functional units and metabolite groups representing different metabolic functionality. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s024. Cameras follow a 12-year-old with a bulging vascular malformation caused by abnormal blood vessels as he undergoes a risky procedure to have it diminished. Blood 03. ANOVA, Distinct membranous expression in cardiac and skeletal muscle. New genetic analysis reveals biological causes of muscle weakness in KEGG pathways with significant overrepresentation of metabolites in 13 metabolite peak clusters, obtained by grouping metabolite peaks according to their concentration profiles across tissues. Both of the people in the documentary live with genetic conditions caused by their muscles. No, Is the Subject Area "Chimpanzees" applicable to this article? And with that, allow me to . In his new book, The Unseen Body, Dr. Jonathan Reisman offers a guided tour inside the human body, from the remarkable design of our organs . Our results indicate that the reallocation of energy to energetically costly human brains may have required further decrease in energy expense in the skeletal muscle, at least during peak performance. Accordingly, of the 10,615 detected metabolite peaks, 92% showed significant concentration differences among tissues (permutation p<0.01, false discovery rate (FDR)<1%), using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Other mutations can lead to extra . All peak concentration values were log transformed and quintile normalized. How do I create TED-Ed Lessons? - TED Yes It serves as a solvent without which the chemistry of life . Thanks for watching, please subscribe for more videos.NGC investigates the science of muscle by taking us on a journey inside the bodies of two remarkable humans with startling genetic conditions. In each species, we examined metabolite concentrations in three brain regions, prefrontal cortex (PFC), primary visual cortex (V1), and cerebellar cortex (CBC), as well as in the kidney cortex and thigh skeletal muscle of 14 adult healthy individuals (Table S1). Extraordinary Humans: Muscles - YouTube Prior to this treatment, the test macaques, as well as all other macaques used in this study (standard condition: controls, n=17), were fed a balanced plant-based diet and housed in family groups in spacious outdoor enclosures. A new largescale genetic analysis has found biological mechanisms that contribute to making people more susceptible to muscle weakness in later life . He made a Hurricane costume to wear. Among reads that mapped to an exon and exon junction, those with higher scores were kept. The nerve impulse triggers the muscle to contract. Also followed: a 41-year-old man. No, Is the Subject Area "Enzymes" applicable to this article? 31year old Jason Dunn lives with Dystonia, a rare disorder that causes his brain to send faulty messages to his muscular system. All nonhuman primates used in this study suffered sudden deaths for reasons other than their participation in this study and without any relation to the tissue used. Extraordinary diversity of transcription among Skeletal Muscle Tissues (SMTs) SMTs comprise the largest tissues (by weight) in the pig body (30-70% of porcine carcass weight 36) (Supplementary Fig.. Any discussion about muscle and muscle performance would not be adequate if we didn't mention something about nutrition, but rather than have a whole discussion about nutrition, cause there's lots of information about that online, for instance, if you want to gain muscle that you need to have a calorie surplus of about 10 to 15%. How many copies of the mutant gene do people need to have to develop DYT 1 dystonia? positive mode liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; NICHD, In humans, muscle tissue is known to have variable fiber-type composition, reflecting differences in individuals' physiology and physical activity [19]. extraordinary humans muscles transcript - gheedraper.com Finally, the insoluble tissue material and the precipitated proteins were pelleted by a centrifugation step (5 min; 14,000 g) and the supernatant transferred to a fresh 2 ml Eppendorf tube. When a person sick by flu sneezes or coughs, more than
Extraordinary Humans - Muscles - Anatomy and Physiology Physiological processes that maintain our tissues' functionality involve the generation of multiple products and intermediates known as metabolitessmall molecules with a weight of less than 1,500 Daltons. I have 10 ab muscles. Is this normal? I just counted and I definitely Human-specific metabolic divergence in the V1 cortical region and kidney was similar to chimpanzee-specific divergence in these tissues and could be predicted from regression fit of metabolic divergence based on phylogenetic divergence times of the three nonhuman species (Figure 3a). Cardiac muscle makes up the mass of the heart and is responsible for the rhythmic contractions of that vital pumping organ; it too is under involuntary control. var googleSearchIframeName = "cse-search-results"; var googleSearchFormName = "cse-search-box"; var . Extraordinary People (2003 TV series) - Wikipedia RT of a peak in all samples within the range of 2 min around the median RT of this peak. retention time; tRNA, Literally, her studio where she does her work, and her framing is right next to her little kitchen. Whereas normally to flex or extend there is one muscle that contracts and one, The basal _ganglia_ of the nervous system is responsible for the misinformation. analysis of variance; AU, Excess of human-specific metabolite concentration divergence at different significance cutoffs. Metabolite peaks significant in the primate ANOVA test were tested for peak specificity to any primate species; peaks significant in the ANOVA test performed on all species samples were tested for mouse-specific concentration levels. Monkeys from the control group were maintained on a standard ad libitum feeding regimen, with two meals each day at 900 and 1600 hours, consisting of 1,100 calories (20 biscuits) of Purina High Protein Monkey Diet, jumbo size (W.F. He once drew a 19-feet long drawing of New York City after a single 20-minute helicopter ride. Sponsored By. In all brain samples we took special care to dissect gray matter only. This excess was significantly greater than expected from phylogenetic time-based divergence estimates (linear regression p<0.01). Two rare skin disorders are examined, including harlequin ichthyosis (HI), a condition characterized by hard, scale-like skin that reproduces at an accelerated rate; and epidermolysis bullosa (EB), which causes the skin to be very fragile. 2 Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland. LC-MS peaks were aligned across samples according to Giavalisco et al. All subjects were defined as healthy controls by forensic pathologists at the corresponding tissue bank. The plot is based on the 4,698 metabolite peaks that showed significant concentration differences in any tissue in the three primate species (t-test, permutation p<0.01). In the random permutations, we only used metabolites reported to interact with any of the enzymes measured in our transcriptome analysis. a The previously reported classes of isoforms differ from each other by the inclusion/exclusion of exons 48 (included only in Novex3 isoform) and 49 (included in all the other isoforms except the long skeletal muscle N2A-isoform). The transcripts used in principle component calculation were detected in at least one tissue of one species above the 5% quintile of all detected transcripts. The tissue samples were first powdered using a mortar and pestle cooled by liquid nitrogen and then separated into two parts for the metabolite and RNA extraction procedures. Hear arguments for and . , Extraordinary humans : muscles & skin, produced by Authentic Entertainment Inc. ; executive producers, Lauren Lexton, Tom Rogan, (videorecording), National Geographic Channel (Television station : Washington, D.C.), produced by Authentic Entertainment Inc. ; executive producers, Lauren Lexton, Tom Rogan, http://bibfra.me/vocab/lite/collectionName, Extraordinary humans (Television program), http://library.link/vocab/relatedWorkOrContributorDate, http://library.link/vocab/relatedWorkOrContributorName, [Episode 1]. Then, 0.5 ml of lysate was transferred to an Eppendorf tube containing 500 l chloroform and 200 l water. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s027. CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai, China, Affiliation Neuroplasticity is the brain's ability to change and adapt due to experience. Specifically, clusters containing metabolites and enzymes showing brain-specific profiles were enriched for, among others, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction and the synaptic vesicle cycle; muscle-specific profiles for glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation; and kidney-specific profiles for aldosterone-regulated water reabsorption (Table S5). What benefit does Jason get from lifting weights at the gym. PCA plots based on normalized expression levels of 14,875 transcripts (left) and 3,537 metabolic enzymes (right) measured using RNA-seq. Columns represent metabolites showing species-specific concentration profiles in PFC; rows represent KEGG pathways enriched in the respective metabolites. Describe 2 methods/techniques in which dystonia is treated. A pig BodyMap transcriptome reveals diverse tissue physiologies and evolutionary dynamics of transcription Long Jin, Qianzi Tang, Silu Hu, Zhongxu Chen, Xuming Zhou, Bo Zeng, Yuhao Wang, Mengnan. Shown are the ratios of metabolite peaks showing human-specific concentration changes to peaks showing species-specific changes on the other evolutionary lineages at different significance cutoffs. The difference in concentration levels of each metabolite between humans and chimpanzees and rhesus macaques is given next to the respective metabolite. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871.s025. This documentary investigates the world of muscles, how they work, the science behind muscles, and much more, taking you on a journey inside the body of two remarkable people. The sternocleidomastoid muscles are involved in cervical side bending. The GC dataset was filtered according to following criteria: Before applying criteria 4, nine outlier samples identified based on PCA analysis were removed from the dataset. All selected monkeys had no medical history of abnormal behavior and were healthy, based on biochemical and blood tests. Ami Ankileweitz has Spinal Muscle Atrophy, a condition that has caused his muscles to wither away.Read more: http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/extraordinary-humans/4923/Overview#ixzz1IBm1P14e In all tissues the correlations between concentration profiles measured by different technologies is significantly higher than expected by chance (Wilcoxon test, p<0.001). Muscles 04. Organization of the Table is analogous to Table S14. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany, Affiliation Empty symbols represent trials measured using the apparatus built in the Leipzig primate center, filled symbols those measured using the apparatus built in Shanghai. Total RNA was extracted by a TRIzol (Invitrogen) procedure according to the manufacturer's instructions. peaks distinct from the background, which we define as a measurable peak width at the level of 10% of its apex. For most of us, muscles are under our control. By contrast, the extent of metabolic divergence on the human evolutionary lineage differed substantially among tissues (Figure 3a,b; Figure S7). Subsequently, fibers were classified under light microscopy as type I, IIa, and IIx fibers. Numbers of peaks showing significant concentration differences between control macaques and humans or chimpanzees were estimated using six randomly chosen human or chimpanzee individuals. DOCX Ms. Zhong's Classes - Biology Yes peaks present at the level of 10,000 AU in 50% of samples of any particular species and tissue. Last year, she won the U.S. Indoor High Jumping Championship. Changes in concentrations of these metabolites are thought to be closely related to changes in phenotype. "Extraordinary Humans" The Science of Skin (TV Episode 2010) - IMDb ethical problems such as influence peddling and bribery: how to change background in video call in whatsapp, can guardzilla cameras be used with another app, draw the structure for the only constitutional isomer of cyclopropane, differences between zoography and behavioural ecology, how much is uber from san francisco to oakland, claremont graduate university acceptance rate, first families of isle of wight, virginia, zillow mobile homes for sale in twin falls idaho, rutgers new jersey medical school class profile, anhydrous products are designed for oily skin, weekend moving truck rental near california, Pin Websites To Tiles In Start Menu Intune, similarities between limited and unlimited government, comparison between punjab and andhra pradesh population, the procedure entry point dxgigetdebuginterface1, to walk in dignity the montgomery bus boycott critical analysis. After several failed attempts by an individual to pull a certain weight, the amount of food on the device was increased. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. YEAR: 2010 | LENGTH: 4 parts (46 minutes each) | SOURCE:NATGEO. Macaque monkeys, prior to the muscle tests, were housed in spacious enclosures of approximately 120 m3. Ami Ankileweitz has Spinal Muscle Atrophy, a condition that has caused his muscles to wither away.Read more: http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/extraordinary-humans/4923/Overview#ixzz1IBm1P14e Corrections? Shown are percentages of metabolite peaks with significant proportion of concentration variation (ANOVA p<0.01) explained by the following factors: tissue, species, sex, age, and RNA preservation (RNA Integrity NumberRIN). KEGG pathways containing significant overrepresentation of metabolites with human-specific concentration profiles in kidney. The statistics show that one in ten people is attractive to mosquitoes, so pray that you are not the one.