Philip IIs decision to reorganise the Dutch government and church angered both the Dutch Catholics and the Protestants. Which three countries were a threat to England and Elizabeth? Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. One fact that should not be ignored from 1566 was the increasing role of the Pope and his determination to undermine Elizabeth. Letters sent to Mary were also intercepted which implicated her and the Duke of Norfolk in the plot. He then banned English trade with the Netherlands for a period of time which damaged Englands economy and caused much hardship for the English people. One reason Dudley failed was that he wasnt a talented general or tactician. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st explanation. Financial Weakness She was 300,000 in debt. [The importance of dates and chronology help demonstrate the long- term impact of Marys presence, which helps support the initial judgement.]. Elizabeth was eager to nullify the threat of the Auld Alliance (Scotland and France), which had been further reinforced by the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and French King Francis II. Elizabeth lived quietly at her . France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. By 1572 Protestant ideas had spread in the Netherlands and Protestant Dutch rebels began a campaign for independence from Catholic Spain, leading to the Dutch Revolt. VAT reg no 816865400. 1. There were two important reasons why France was seen as a threat to England. Importantly too, Elizabeths fear of the Auld Alliance was heightened by the fact that the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, had declared herself the legitimate Queen of England (owing to the fact that she was Elizabeths second cousin and the granddaughter of Henry VIIIs sister Margaret) and she had the support of many English Catholics. August 8th: Battle of Gravelines fireships caused the Spanish fleet to scatter. Crucially, when the Spanish ships docked in English ports, the gold was seized by Elizabeth. She changed the church back to Anglican and it has been the official . Elizabeth I is by many historians considered one of England's greatest ever monarchs, which heralded the 'golden age' in English history. The second concern of legitimacy again comes from the marriage of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. The plot failed as it was discovered by Francis Walsingham, Elizabeths principal secretary and spymaster, who placed Throckmorton under surveillance for several months. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Some Vikings fled to France to establish a colony called Normandy. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Their union had brought peace between Spain and England, and Elizabeth's Privy Council hoped to maintain this. The Ridolfi Plot of 1571 and later the Throckmorton and Babington Plots, of 1583 and 1586 respectively, all involved the aim of placing Mary on the throne. Here is a summary timeline of key events for students taking Early Elizabethan England (1558-88). These ensured the plots were uncovered before they could be fully developed. Elizabeth I and Finances - History Learning Site What made the Auld Alliance stronger at this time was the fact that Mary, Queen of Scots was married to the French Prince Francis II. The French were Catholic but did not have the same hostility to English Protestantism as Spain was. Suitable for the Edexcel GCSE History (9-1) course. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. his early wars against France and his championing of Catholic orthodoxy against the teachings of Martin Luther. This forced the Spanish fleet to travel into the dangerous waters off the Scottish and Irish coasts. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. She was a Protestant. Answer:Despite initially being a threat to England, civil war in France from 1562 meant the French monarchs were too preoccupied with home affairs to pose a thr eye27 eye27 11.05.2020 By the end of Elizabeths reign, the navy was also playing an important role in settling up an English colony in North America. Essentially, this meant England and Spain were now at war. For two weeks of the second half of November, Catholic mass was heard at Durham Cathedral too (with all evidence of Protestantism destroyed). Humiliatingly, Elizabeth had to confirm the loss of Calais, which had been an English possession since 1347. Probably at the core of Elizabeth's decision to remain single was an unwillingness to compromise her power. Boston House, Elizabeth and Philipthese two powerful peoplewould begin their relationship peacefully, even warmly, but they would become enemies, facing off in a battle of empires and faiths that would . King Phillip II had been married to Queen Mary I of England and the two had been allies in a war against France in the 1550s.
This helps to explain why Elizabeth had to deal with so many plots, the intention of which was to replace Elizabeth with Mary. Many people did not want a foreigner influencing England policy. On November 1569, the Earls managed to capture Durham and proceeded to celebrate Catholic Mass in the Cathedral before marching south in the direction of Tutbury, Derbyshire where Mary was imprisoned. The rest of the Spanish fleet was forced to sail away from the French coast and into the North Sea with the English fleet on their trail. Marys presence in England posed an on-going threat as she had a strong claim to the throne herself. King Phillip had been preparing for an attack on England since 1585 and Marys execution made the situation worse with him even more determined to invade England. and reversing the religious settlement. Stimulus = Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England / The sea beggars, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. - navy to firth of Forth. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Phillip II of Spain proposed marriage to Elizabeth. The Protestant Elizabeth certainly faced difficulties upon becoming Queen with regard to legitimacy, especially from English Catholics and the wider Catholic world. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. A significant amount of the Spanish troops lacked the experience of naval warfare, whereas the English fleet was manned by experienced sailors. Boston Spa, Medina Sidonia decided to retreat back to Spain and call off the attack on England. Another reason Dudley failed was a number of his officers were divided over questions of strategy. By spring 1588, the Spanish Armada was complete and King Phillip was ready to launch his, The Armada was a huge fleet consisting of, The Spanish also had thousands of more soldiers stationed in the Netherlands under the command of the. The Spanish responded by doing the same to the English. The English army was also poorly equipped and Elizabeth did not provide sufficient funds to pay for the English troops. As Catholics do not believe in divorce it means that the marriage between Henry and Catherine was never dissolved, and therefore, the marriage with Anne never happened, and as a result of this Elizabeth was an illegitimate child and had no right to the throne of England. Elizabeth and James VI agreed to maintain Protestantism as their respective countries religion. He plotted a Spanish invasion of England, which would involve the killing of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. However this union was appalling because he was Catholic was married to the previous queen, and a foreigner. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. The invasion failed, however. What he meant by this was he had inflicted significant temporary damage on the Spanish Armada and it would regrow in time. Elizabeth had also reduced the power of the northern nobles and increased her own control over the north through the Council of the North, which helped govern the area. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeth's role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots' arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. More significantly, she was worried she would have to adopt a secondary role in the running of her country, as the period was very patriarchal. Many expected a decisive battle between Henry II and Philip II. Those who refused this were sent to prison. After inheriting the throne from her sister Mary I, Elizabeth was 300,000 in debt. Her early life was full of uncertainties, and her chances of succeeding to the throne seemed very slight once her half-brother Edward was born in 1537. The English also had better tactics that were more effective. They had enjoyed religious freedom under Queen Mary, Elizabeth's sister, and they were now being. The Situation on Elizabeth's Accession | Mind Map - GoConqr Protestants (notably John Knox) initially claimed female rule was unnatural or monstrous, while Roman Catholics judged . Boston Spa, The Northern Earls staged a rebellion (1569) centred around Mary, aiming to depose Elizabeth and crown Mary, raising tension between the two monarchs. Sir Robert Naunton recorded that the queen once said angrily to Leicester, when he tried to insist upon a favour, "I will have here but one mistress and no master." Why was the throckmorton plot a threat to elizabeth 12 marker? Write a paragraph or two. The ships that did manage to make the journey back ran short of supplies, and many men died of starvation and disease. France was at war with England and Spain. Roberto di Ridolfi was an Italian banker who played a small role in the Revolt of the Northern Earls. Elizabeth couldn't restore authority and teachings of the Pope. King Phillip saw the signing of the 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch as a declaration fo war on Spain and in response, he began to build a huge fleet of ships known as an Armada to invade England with. The Ridolfi plot failed mostly due to Elizabeths allies passing the names of the main conspirators involved to her. Can I give a retake in the feb/march if I had given my exams in the may/June series. Moreover, when Henry executed Anne Boleyn in 1536, Henry VIII himself declared Elizabeth illegitimate (although this situation was later reversed). There were French troops in Scotland, and this posed a problem for Elizabeth and the security of England because England was still technically at war with France. No Payment details required and completelyRisk Free. Elizabeth made England protestant, which caused tension with the rest of Europe as they were heavily catholic (such as Spain and France). How much is the average salary for an overseas dentist? When Elizabeth's reign began in 1558 England was in the middle of a 'mid-Tudor crisis'. During Drakes raid, he captured more than 1000 tons of planks made from seasoned wood, which was needed to make the barrels used to carry food and water. Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland was part of the rebellion against Queen Elizabeth. . - Significant political threat as her legitimacy and gender led to people not accepting her as queen. The fear of a Catholic uprising and a plot against Elizabeth was a constant threat to her. Why Queen Elizabeth I signed a death warrant to execute the - HISTORY The Spanish invasion didnt go according to plan when the Spanish Armada was launched in 1588. Italian bankers from Genoa had lent Philip II money to fund his campaign in the Netherlands (which was trying to put down the Dutch Revolt). The Armada set sail in May 1588, but due to bad weather and attempts by an English fleet to intercept it, was delayed for several weeks in the Bay of Biscay. Mary served as a permanent reminder at home and abroad that there was a legitimate Catholic heir to the throne and, with the Popes blessing, willing Catholic rebels could convince themselves they were doing Gods work. There was broad support for the new Settlement and very few refused to take the oath of loyalty to the queen. Life of Catholics in Elizabethan era | Laws against Catholics Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17th November 1558 to 24th March 1603. [Clear link back to the question at the end of the paragraph here.]. One was debt. You may use the following in your answer: Mary, Queen of Scots and foreign threat (12 marks) . This Papal Bull meant that the loyalty of English Catholics towards Elizabeth was now always in doubt and placed a wedge between the English Catholics monarch and their faith. PPTX What problems did Elizabeth I face when she became Queen in 1558? When Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, she inherited a difficult financial situation and a debt of 227,000. These privateers also raided Spanish ships and attacked the treasure fleets that carried gold and silver from the Americas to Spain. In order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII had to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. To counter homelessness and the begging/criminal activity that sometimes accompanied this, a law was passed that stated that, if found, vagrants were: 1) to be whipped and have a hole drilled through each ear 2) if found a second time would be imprisoned 3) would be killed if found a third time. Mary, Queen of Scots, flees from Scotland to England. Elizabeths legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. The English had drastically improved their shipbuilding techniques which gave them several technological advantages. He saw Drake as a pirate and therefore deemed Elizabeths act as deliberately provocative. In 1485 - 1603 To What Extent Was The Government Of England - Phdessay Apply for student finance without a bank account? Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises. The Pope, as head of the Catholic Church, could rally support for these plots and for some Catholics, obeying the Pope was more important than obedience to Elizabeth. The threat of France to Elizabeth's rule - BBC Bitesize In 1558, England lost its final possession - the port of Calais - in France. . The Netherlands had been part of the Spanish empire since the 1550s. Henry believed that Elizabeth wanted France to go to war with Spain while England looked on and would benefit from the probable weakening of both. Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. threats did Elizabeth face in 1558? The Elizabethan Religious Settlement - World History Encyclopedia The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots eventually took place on 8th February 1587. Podcast: The Life and Significance of Alan Turing, Copyright The Historical Association 2023. Francis Drake led an attack at Cadiz on the Spanish fleet, who were preparing for an invasion of the English. The features and significance of the Ridolfi, Throckmorton and Babington plots. West Yorkshire, . Babington and other known plotters were hanged, drawn and quartered. Drake knew he wasnt able to attack this port with any realistic hope of success. Elizabeth faced many problems upon her accession to her throne in 1558 and, whilst the question of legitimacy was important, the immediate concerns of debt, as well as the threat from France and Scotland were of far greater significance as they instantly impacted upon her ability to rule. The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. Another serious contender was Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Duke of Anjou. - I partly agree with the statement as both France and Spain were powerful Catholic countries, who could unite against Protestant England. The most formidable female leaders in history - Stars Insider English ships departed from Plymouth to meet the Armada. However, Elizabeth was fearful that a foreign husband would have not put the needs of England first. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeths role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. [A range of examples and wide-ranging knowledge really help explore the extent of this problem facing Elizabeth.]. As these privateers were supposedly independent, Elizabeth could deny any responsibility for the activities and this helped to prevent open conflict with King Phillip and Spain directly. This meant atholics did not think . Dudleys campaign in 1586-1587 proved to be unsuccessful and he suffered heavy defeats at the hands of the Spanish general, the. Anne Boleyn (L), Henry VIII (C) and Elizabeth I (R) Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - conclusion. What Challenges Did Elizabeth I Face As Queen? - HistoryExtra He chose to sail around Scotland and Ireland which presented a dangerous route which the Spanish sailors were unfamiliar with. Sue Gray quits the civil service to become Starmer's aide: is it a big deal? Following Marys death, there were no more major Catholic plots during Elizabeths reign. It was a turning point: the rest of Elizabeth's reign was bedevilled by plots and rumours of Catholic rebellion. Explain why Elizabeth faced many problems upon ascending to the throne in 1558 . It was the only major threat to Henry's security as monarch. Tudor Brief Essay Plans Flashcards | Quizlet Elizabeth's parents, Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. At the beginning of her reign, an obvious candidate for Elizabeth to marry was her half sister's widow, Phillip of Spain. He also used double agents to infiltrate Catholic networks. Many people refused to recognize Elizabeth as a legitimate heir because her mother was Anne Boleyn, who was Henry VIIIs second wife. Challenges to Elizabeth's rule - Edexcel - BBC Bitesize What happened to Elizabeth I in 1554? - Answers Elizabeth I inherited a position of war with France, which was declared by Mary in 1556. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. This was signed by the English nobility and gentry and required the signatories to execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the Queen. John White led another group to Roanoke, 3 years after the attempt to colonise it. The local inhabitants showed little mercy to the survivors of these wrecks. By 1568 most people had accepted. England had lost the last of her territories in France during the reign of Mary, when Calais was lost. The Spanish Fury united both the Dutch Catholics and Protestants, who demanded in response to the violence: 1) the expulsion of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands 2) political freedom and 3) an end to religious hostility via the Spanish Inquisition. Manage Settings [A clear summary of the arguments, once more making the link between Mary, the Pope and Catholic interference.]. Who was Queen Elizabeth enemies? - idswater.com 30 ships were destroyed, as well as lots of supplies. Mary's Catholicism and previous alliance with France increased the threat of a French invasion in support of her, which threatened the stability of Elizabeth's kingdom. King Philip of Spain sent an. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeths predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. Most people in . Who we are Changelog Terms of Service Privacy Policy FAQ Sitemap, Psychology History Sociology Business Studies, Psychology Sociology Business Studies Mathematics, Latest Posts Resources Workbooks Past Papers. She was reluctant to execute Mary as she was Queen of Scotland and she believed in Divine Right that rulers were sent by God to govern their country. You may use the following in your answer: France and Elizabeth's legitimacy (16 marks) 'Religion was the main cause of the . Complete the sentence in a way that shows you understand the meaning of the italicized vocabulary word. He also had a big empire in North and South America and by 1581, he had also become King of Portugal which gave him control of the important Atlantic port of Lisbon. In 1568, Spanish ships laden with gold bullion took refuge in English ports to escape the bad weather. 214 High Street, Sir Francis Drake was a leading privateer and responsible for leading several expeditions into the New World in the late 1560s and 1570s. PDF What problems did Elizabeth face in 1558? - WordPress.com Describe two features of Elizabeth's religious settlement 1559 5. Elizabeth had given financial help to the rebels, however, remained reluctant to provoke King Phillip by getting directly involved. gcse history 16 mark answer - The Student Room The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. PDF History Paper 2 - Elizabeth Topic 1: Early threats and the Religious - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. - Invasion was a major threat because of the power of the countries France and Spain. The failure of the colonisation was due to: the resistance of the Native Americans; conflict amongst the English settlers (who collectively had the wrong mix of skills to make the settlement a real success); the loss of supplies via the damage incurred on The Tiger and the fact that the voyage set off too late for crops to be planted (causing dependence on the rightfully suspicious Native Americans). However, to say therefore increasing involvement was the responsibility of Elizabeth alone would be wrong. Religion was the most serious problem facing Elizabeth in 1558? How far The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. Also, the activities of English pirates', who looted Spanish ships, caused problems between Spain and England. This was a huge sum of money, especially when you consider the annual income of the Crown was approximately 286,000. It had to deal with Irish . (4 marks) According to many people at the time Mary Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the . Robert Dudley was the Earl of Leicester and during the time of the conflict involving the Netherlands, he was appointed to lead the military expedition to the Netherlands. The evidence was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial and eventually execute her for treason. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd point + evidence, - However Elizabeth was also faced with threats about her legitimacy and gender, "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd explanation. Many colonists this time were poverty-stricken Londoners (it was felt they would be used to hard work and would therefore be happy to work for a new life in the New World). By studying this week, students should have an understanding of: . 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. In 1581, Protestant rebels in the Netherlands declared independence from Spain and established a Dutch republic. She was then third in line behind her Roman Catholic half-sister, Princess Mary. Company Reg no: 04489574. She managed these difficulties with great pragmatism and opportunism, reducing the threat of invasion. What were the causes of westward LS23 6AD By this time radical Puritan sectaries were perceived to be . - Overall, I think the threat of invasion was one of Elizabeth's problems when she became queen as both Spain and France were powerful countries who had reasons to invade England and this was increased as Spain and France could unite against Protestant England. - Threats of invasion or Elizabeth's authority were made worse by her financial situation. In response to the Throckmorton Plot, Elizabeths advisors drafted the Bond of Association, which was aimed at deterring any further plots. Mary, Queen of Scots cousin (the French Duke of Guise) intended to invade England, free Mary, overthrow Elizabeth and restore Catholicism. First English colony in Virginia established. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd point + evidence. Save. Elizabeth therefore committed actions that helped undermine the Spanish whilst ensuring England did not become fully embroiled in the conflict. However, the Dutch had always governed themselves. Elizabeth chose to give direct help to the rebels by signing the Treaty of Nonsuch, which placed the Netherlands under her protection and promised military help.