As indicated in chapter 2, standards for the level of learning in the cognitive and psychomotor domains are easily established. From this measurement of student achievement, the instructor determines the effectiveness of the instruction, A time-honored training delivery method, drill and practice is based on the learning principle of exercise discussed in chapter 2, which holds that connections are strengthened with practice. His flight is a go, yet, 15 miles from College Airport he descends to 1,000 feet to stay below the lowering clouds and encounters rain and lowering visibility to 3 miles. While there are subtle nuances to the different terms which include computer-assisted learning (CAL), computerassisted instruction (CAI), computer-based training (CBT), and computer-based instruction (CBI), this handbook will use the term "computer-assisted learning" in the following discussion, Computer-assisted learning (CAL) couples the personal computer (PC) with multimedia software to create a training device. Understanding these distinctions helps the instructor become a more skilled user of questions, The instructor often uses a question to open up an area for discussion. For example, the subsystems within a physical unit are relatively easy to relate to each other through the use of schematics or diagrams. Such material should be well organized and based on fundamentals, Organize the main and subordinate points of the lesson in a logical sequence. For example, the instructors voice, printed text, video cassettes, interactive computer programs, part-task trainers, flight training devices, or flight simulators, and numerous other types of training devices are considered training media, In school settings, instructors may become involved in the selection and preparation of instructional aids, but they often are already in place. The second activity is the instructors supervision, Student performance requires students to act and do. In studying jet propulsion, for example, the student might begin by considering the action involved in releasing air from a toy balloon and finish by taking part in a discussion of a complex gas turbine engine, Do not be afraid to omit "less important" information at first in order to simplify the learning process. [Figure 4-7], The purpose of the motivation element is to offer the students specific reasons why the lesson content is important to know, understand, apply, or perform concepts of Thorndikes law of readiness. Flight Instructor Responsibilities. As discussed in Chapter 1, Human Behavior, the average age of aviation students is 34 years old. For example, the specific words, "a leak in the fuel line" tell more than the general term "mechanical defect", Another way the instructor can add life to the lecture is to vary his or her tone of voice and pace of speaking. The give and take of the discussion method also helps students learn to evaluate ideas, concepts, and principles. For example, it is better to ask "Why does an aircraft normally require a longer takeoff run at Denver than at New Orleans?" In contrast, training media are generally described as any physical means that communicates an instructional message to students. This preparation should start well in advance of the presentation. In the opening scenario, students performed a task (weight and balance computation) as a group, and prior to terminating the performance phase, they were allowed to independently complete the task at least once with supervision and coaching as necessary, In this phase, the instructor judges student performance. Since the material projected requires no special preparation, the cost is very low. The demonstration-performance method is divided into five phases: Explanations must be clear, pertinent to the objectives of the particular lesson to be presented, and based on the known experience and knowledge of the students. Effective instructors relate well to people. The instructor should set up and adjust the equipment and lighting beforehand and then preview the presentation. In addition, FAA inspectors and designated examiners have found that student applicants often exhibit a lack of knowledge during oral questioning, even though many have easily passed the FAA knowledge test. Assessment of Piloting Ability - Flight Study Pictures, drawings, and photographs are especially effective because they provide common visual imagery for both instructors and students. 108/5 1 . . . 70160 If they are not written, they become subject to the fallibility of recall, interpretation, or loss of specificity with time, Performance-based objectives consist of three elements: description of the skill or behavior, conditions, and criteria. In recent years, video (VHS, compact disks (CDs), digital video disks (DVDs), or computer files), and computer slide shows incorporating text, graphics, video, and animations, have pushed aside traditional training aids. In many classrooms, students may not be able to see the lower half, Stand to one side of the board to avoid hiding the essential information, Adjust lighting as necessary to remove glare, Print media, including photographs, reproductions of pictures, drawings, murals, cartoons, and other print materials are valuable supplemental aids. A brief introductory lecture can give direction and purpose to a demonstration or prepare students for a discussion by telling them something about the subject matter to be covered, In a lecture, the instructor can present many ideas in a relatively short time. Consequently, CDs and DVDs have replaced many of the projection-type instructional aids, For instructors, the convenience of CDs and DVDs is certainly an advantage. When properly used, they help gain and hold the attention of students. The desired learning outcomes should stem from the objective, Conduct adequate research to become familiar with the topic. Material composed on a computer word processing and graphics program can also be printed onto transparencies, The equipment can be placed at the front of the room, allowing the instructor to maintain eye contact with students. Other aids, which are usually more expensive, are projected materials, video, computerbased programs, and models, mock-ups, or cut-aways. It can be a stand-alone software program that takes a learner from lecture to exam or it can be an interactive web-based course of instruction that involves a mixture of mandatory class attendance with e-mail discussions and assignments. Unlike other forms of projected material, CDs and DVDs can also be played on a laptop computer, On the other hand, CDs and DVDs offer their own disadvantages. They should provide an accurate visual image and make learning easier for the student, Another use for instructional aids is to clarify the relationships between material objects and concepts. The instructor said the incident might have been a catalyst for the rule's implementation in 1981. The body of the lecture follows with a summary of the lectures main points at the end, The teaching lecture is favored by aviation instructors because it allows some active participation by the students. A simple process can be used to determine if and where instructional aids are necessary, Clearly establish the lesson objective. Discussion questions should be easy for students to understand, put forth decisively by the instructor, and followed by silence. Those maneuvers requiring repetition may still be taught during concentrated settings. The rhetorical question is similar in nature, because it also spurs group thought. How will this installation affect the weight and balance of the aircraft? Just as a student can reread a section in a text, a student can review portions of a CAL program until it is understood. Whatever the setting, instructors need to learn how to effectively use them, For many years, educators have theorized about how the human brain and the memory function during the communicative process. The pilot attempted four unsuccessful approaches with the controllers talking him through each approach. Conditions and criteria should be refined as necessary. When the instructor points to each part of the model while explaining these relationships, the students can better understand the mechanical principles involved. A complete outline tends to distract students and makes a logical presentation difficult. entry of bacteriophages and animal viruses into host cells. This concept has led to the adoption of scenario-based training (SBT) in many fields, including aviation. Blocks for instructor endorsements also may be included at appropriate points. There is no guarantee that all of this information is current, or even accurate, It is important to prepare an organized plan of action, Most frequently used to least frequently used, Introducing students to new subject material, Showing relationships between theory and practice, and, No direct reaction from students but economical, Establish the objective and desired outcomes, Help jog memory and ensures important points are emphasized, Can supplement other teaching devices and methods, Students tend to interact and achieve in ways and at levels that are rarely found with other instructional strategies, Clear directions on what the student is going to do, All members of the group must accept the objectives as ones they have agreed to achieve, Tasks are structured so that students must depend upon one another for their group's success in completing and mastering the target objectives, Student must not feel penalized for being placed in a particular group, The focus of learning tasks must be aligned with the specific objectives, Each student and group should be provided the amount of time needed to learn the targeted information, Students must engage in interactive abilities as leadership, Each student must be formally and individually tested to determine mastery and retention, Only members of groups who meet established levels of achievement receive the rewards, Lead-off Question - opens up an area for discussion (how or why, not what or when), Follow-up Question - guides into discussion, Students should be encouraged to participate. For an instructor who tends to ramble, notes are a must because they help keep the lecture on track. Whenever possible, the various parts should be labeled or colored to clarify relationships, Production and equipment costs are limiting factors to consider in developing and using models, mock-ups, and cutaways. Lectures also may be used to introduce a unit of instruction or a complete training program. As training becomes more detailed and complex, instructor-oriented materials can be a valuable instructional aid for aviation instructors. It can be made immediately after the discussion of each learning outcome to bring ideas together and help in transition, showing how the ideas developed by the group relate to and support the idea discussed. Criterion validity means that the completion standards for the test are reflective of acceptable standards, For example, in flight training, content validity is reflected by a particular maneuver closely mimicking a maneuver required in actual flight, such as the student pilot being able to recover from a power-off stall. For example, a program may indicate, "That was incorrect. Comprehensive examples of the desired learning outcomes, or behaviors, should be included in the standards. Terms such as "knowledge of " and "awareness of " cannot be measured very well, and words like this should be avoided. True performance as a professional is based on study and. The instructor acts as a facilitator to encourage discussion between students, In the guided discussion, learning is achieved through the skillful use of questions. By organizing in this manner, the instructor phrases the questions to help the students obtain a firm grasp of the subject matter and to minimize the possibility of a rambling discussion, Plan at least one lead-off question for each desired learning outcome. Review and assessment are integral parts of each classroom, and/or flight lesson. Since the student must remove the position light, install a power supply, and also install the tail strobe light, he or she needs to make several decisions that effect the final weight and balance of the aircraft. Well- designed course outlines are especially useful to students because they list the key points and help students organize note taking during a lecture, Aviation instructors must cover a broad range of aeronautical knowledge and skill training for pilots and AMTs. Consider the opening scenario in which Bob arrived early for the class and ensured the classroom was well lit, the desks in order, and that the room presented a neat overall appearance. It is a widely accepted belief in the aviation community that test items included as part of a test or evaluation should be both content valid and criterion valid. Remember, a good inflight scenario is more than an hour of flight time; it is also a learning experience. The introduction should be free of stories, jokes, or incidents that do not help the students focus their attention on the lesson objective. Learning assessment is another important skill of an effective instructor. For example, voicerecognition technology, which lets computers accept spoken rather than keyed input, is highly effective for technical training, Miniature electro-optical devices allow computer-aided information to be projected electronically on sunglass-style eye wear which is connected to a lightweight, belt mounted computer. End users of the aircraft, such as the major airlines, can purchase the training materials with the aircraft in order to accomplish both initial and recurrent training of their personnel. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by Ac lectus vel risus suscipit sit amet hendrerit a venenatis. Computer-based training also can be designed so the progress of the student can be tracked and documented. [Figure 4-3] And, finally, a training course outline within a curriculum is the content of a particular course. by People skills are the ability to interact, talk, understand, empathize, and connect with people. On the other hand, poorly constructed long sentences are difficult to follow and can easily become tangled. Since charts may consist of a series of single sheets or be tied together in a flip-chart format with several pages, the location and handling of them should be planned in advance, A graph is a symbolic drawing which shows relationships or makes comparisons. Effective instructors also display enthusiasm for their subject matter and express themselves clearly. Certification tests do not represent an entire training syllabus, A broad, overall objective of any pilot training course is to qualify the student to be a competent, efficient, safe pilot for the operation of specific aircraft types under stated conditions. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by It will be even more significant in the future, Computer technology continues to advance in quantum leaps, challenging traditional ways of teaching. Similar objectives and standards are established for AMT students. The steps in Figure 4-6 form a guideline for lesson presentation. For example, the student controls the pace of instruction, reviews previous material, jumps forward, and receives instant feedback. Since most aviation training is at the understanding level of learning or higher, questions should require students to grasp concepts, explain similarities and differences, and to infer cause-and-effect relationships, Planning a guided discussion is similar to planning a lecture. On the other hand, CAL is a useful tool for aviation instructors. The area of the picture or object is limited to approximately 10 inches by 10 inches, Items which may be projected are practically limitless. The controller directed the pilot to the Columbus Metropolitan Airport, Columbus, Georgia. For example, major aircraft manufacturers have developed CAL programs to teach aircraft systems and maintenance procedures to their employees, reducing the amount of manpower necessary to train aircrews and maintenance technicians on the new equipment. Effective problems: Relate to the real world so students want to solve them, Are open ended and not limited to one correct answer, Are connected to previously learned knowledge as well as new knowledge, Risk management, ADM, automation management, situational awareness, and Controlled Flight into Terrain (CFIT) awareness are the skills encompassed by HOTS. Rather, flight maneuvers are integrated into the flight training scenarios and conducted as they would occur in the real world. [Figure 4-2] This topic is discussed in detail in Chapter 5, Assessment, While many of the characteristics of effective instructors discussed in the previous paragraphs hold true for any instructor, the aviation instructor has the added responsibility of molding an aviation citizena pilot or maintenance technician the instructor feels confident will be an asset to the rest of the aviation community. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by In flight training, the instructor may allow the student to follow along on the controls during the demonstration of a maneuver. The first of these phases is the students performance of the physical or mental skills that have been explained and demonstrated. The chapter begins with practical strategies flight instructors can use to enhance their instruction, the demonstration-performance training delivery method of flight instruction, integrated flight instruction, positive exchange of flight controls, use of distractions, obstacles to learning encountered during flight training, and how to evaluate By using dynamic and meaningful scenarios, the instructor teaches the student how to gather information and make informed, safe, and timely decisions, Decision-based training is not a new concept. The capability to stop, freeze, and replay information is helpful for both instructors and students. Well-designed programs allow students to feel as if they are in control of what they are learning and how fast they learn it. In such cases, it is practical and advisable to give the students a brief general survey of the topic during the introduction. Predictions are that more and more learning will take place via e-learning, E-learning is now used for training at many different levels. The introduction should include an attention element, a motivation element, and an overview of key points. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability bymass effect andromeda truth and trespass bug 03/06/2022 / brinks robbery weather underground / en elliot williams cnn education / por / brinks robbery weather underground / en elliot williams cnn education / por Experienced CFIs have been using scenarios that require dynamic problem solving to teach cross-country operations, emergency procedures, and other flight skills for years. Successful instructors teach their students not only how, but also why and when. The terrain is flat farmland with no published obstacles, What will he do now? When required endorsements and recordkeeping provisions are designed into training syllabi, it is much easier, from the instructors standpoint, to conduct required training, track student progress, and certify records. The number of students in a class and the existing facilities are other considerations. The software may include additional features such as image banks with full color photos and graphics, as well as questions or directions which are programmed to create interactivity for students as they progress through the course, The questions or directions are programmed using a branching technique, which provides several possible courses of action for the user to choose in order to move from one sequence to another. Regardless of the method of development or depth of coverage, the success of the teaching lecture depends upon the instructors ability to communicate effectively with the class, In other methods of teaching such as demonstrationperformance or guided discussion, the instructor receives direct reaction from the students, either verbally or by some form of body language. If the student wishes to repeat a section or a portion of the section, it can be done at any time merely by clicking on the appropriate icon, In teaching aviation students, CAL programs can be used by the instructor as another type of reference for students to study. Effective use of drill and practice revolves around knowing what skill is being developed. For example, eligibility, knowledge, proficiency, and experience requirements for pilots and AMT students are stipulated in the regulations, and the standards are published in the applicable PTS or oral and practical tests (O&Ps). In general, if a two-dimensional representation will satisfy the instructors requirement, it should be used, Test preparation material applies to an array of paper, video, and computer software products that are designed by commercial publishers to help student applicants prepare for FAA tests. The instructor bases this assessment on the learner's ability to demonstrate consistent proficiency on a number of flight maneuvers. If necessary, make assignments that give the students an adequate background for discussing the lesson topic. An effective instructor understands what can be realistically achieved within the allotted time, makes the best use of the time available, allows enough time for what must be done, preserves contingency time to handle the unexpected, and minimizes stress by not planning too much for the allotted time, Management skills also come into play for the aviation instructor who is teaching a class of students. ), Select a topic the students can profitably discuss. In addition, e-learning often seems more enjoyable than learning from a regular classroom lecture. Depending on the nature of the representation, cost can vary. The traditional organization of a lesson plan is introduction, development, and conclusion, The introduction sets the stage for everything to come. carlton square inglewood hoa fees sakura font generator a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by parenting a child with developmental delays On vous rappelle dans l'heure On the fifth approach, at five miles from the runway, the pilot stated that both engines quit due to fuel exhaustion. Of even more significance is that the same data also suggest that SBT students demonstrate better decision-making skills than maneuver based studentsmost likely because their training occurred while performing realistic flight maneuvers and not artificial maneuvers designed only for the test, Research also indicates SBT may lead to improved piloting and navigation skills over traditional maneuver-based training techniques. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by. It was a cautionary tale of a flight crew failing to compartmentalize their problems and adhere to the sterile cockpit rule. The introduction consists of three elements: attention, motivation, and overview. Perhaps the most significant characteristic of group learning is that it continually requires active participation of the student in the learning process, In spite of its advantages, success with cooperative or group learning depends on conditions and controls. The human mind rarely retains, evaluates, and applies new concepts or practices after a single exposure. A course of training also may be limited to something like the additional training required for operating high-performance airplanes, Other terms closely associated with a course of training include curriculum, syllabus, and training course outline. The pilot informed the controller that he was low on fuel and needed to land as soon as possible. Accident data is available at NTSBs Aviation Accident Database & Synopses at www.ntsb.gov/ntsb/query.asp/, Electronic learning or e-learning has become an umbrella term for any type of education that involves an electronic component such as the Internet, a network, a stand-alone computer, CD/DVDs, video conferencing, websites, or email in its delivery. In addition, the Certificated Flight Instructor (CFI) needs to remember he or she is teaching a pilot who should: Seek proficiency in control of the aircraft. [Figure 4-1]. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by under: depths of fear story explained; taidnapam park fishing; what state has the worst soil; unghia incarnita gentalyn beta; a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by. PDF Flight Instructor Training Module - Federal Aviation Administration Remember, the computer has no way of knowing when a student is having difficulty, and it will always be the responsibility of the instructor to provide monitoring and oversight of student progress and to intervene when necessary, Real interactivity with CAL means the student is fully engaged with the instruction by doing something meaningful which makes the subject of study come alive. Errors in grammar and vulgarisms detract from an instructors dignity and insult the intelligence of the students, If the subject matter includes technical terms, the instructor should clearly define each one so that no student is in doubt about its meaning. In this case, the instructor may have little control over their use. The most common types are the line graph and the bar graph. Again, the objectives must be clear, measurable, and repeatable. Someone who teaches is, of course, a teacher or, for the purposes of this handbook, an instructor. When a student is able to perform according to well-defined standards, evidence of learning is apparent. An AMT uses ADM and risk management skills not only on the job site but also in the repair and maintenance of aircraft, Performance-based and decision-based objectives are also helpful for an instructor designing a lesson plan. In certain instances, the instructor has no opportunity to assign preliminary work and must face the students for the first time. This might be someone saying, "But, what if ?" Through doing, students learn to follow correct procedures and to reach established standards. If the discussion has revealed that certain areas are not understood by one or more members of the group, the instructor should clarify or cover this material again, As with any training method that involves discussion, students are encouraged to listen to and learn from their instructor and/or each other. The instructor must logically organize the material to show the relationships of the main points. For example, a flight instructor should not rely exclusively on a software program on traffic patterns and landings to do the ground instruction for a student pilot, then expect the student to demonstrate patterns and landings in the aircraft. The instructor must provide opportunities for students to practice and, at the same time, make sure that this process is directed toward a learning objective, A successful instructor needs to be familiar with as many teaching methods as possible. Symbols, graphs, and diagrams can also show relationships of location, size, time, frequency, and value. Also as mentioned earlier, discussion involves critical thinking skill. A curriculum for a pilot school usually includes courses for the various pilot certificates and ratings, while the curriculum for an aviation maintenance technician (AMT) addresses the subject areas described in Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 147. The training record can be reviewed and the students training status easily assessed in case the student transfers to another school or instructor, Another example of enhanced, instructor-oriented material for pilot training is a maneuvers guide or handbook which includes the PTS as an integral part of the description of maneuvers and procedures. This change is measurable and therefore can be assessed, Assessment of learning is a complex process and it is important to be clear about the purposes of the assessment. Audio or visual aids can be very useful in supporting a topic, and the combination of both audio and visual stimuli is particularly effective since the two most important senses are involved.Instructors should keep in mind that they are often salesmen of ideas, and many of the best sales techniques that attract the attention of potential clients are well worth considering. Open-ended questions of the type used in guided discussion lend themselves readily to concepts of risk management and ADM. [Figure 4-14] The popularity of simulation games that provide players with complex situations and opportunities to learn have drawn educators into the gaming field as they seek interactive educational games that help students retain subject matter learning, The advantages of simulation/role-playing games come as the student learns new information, develops skills, connects and manipulates information.