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Again, employers have the right to review all exemption requests. "These individuals have shown incredible conviction because theyre willing to get terminated for their beliefs. In many ethnic groups, cultures, and even sub cultures believe that COVID can be cured by means of prayer and their belief. Some employees may ask for a religious exemption because they are opposed to abortion and they believe that fetal cells derived from abortions have been used in the development and production of the COVID-19 vaccines. [Company Name] will provide reasonable accommodations for employees sincerely held religious beliefs, observances, and practices that conflict with getting vaccinated for COVID-19, as long as the requested accommodation does not create an undue hardship for [Company Name] or pose a direct threat to you or others in the workplace.To request an accommodation related to [Company Name]s COVID-19 Vaccination Policy, please complete this form and return it to Human Resources. I have prayed and reflected on this matter for many weeks. So far, no major religion has come out in opposition to the COVID-19 vaccines. One of which is religion. Employees can seek a vaccine exemption for medical or religious reasons but employers can ask additional questions to verify the request. So people should probably think twice about paying for these services. On October 25, 2021, the U.S. The permission and form can be an acknowledgement letter regarding that the head of your religious sector does not allow you to take the COVID vaccination because of your religious beliefs and values. Any exemption request should reflect your legitimately held belief system. This is where the exemption form can be of good use. The Christian Right Used COVID to Win Rampant Religious Exemptions. This information will be used by Human Resources or other appropriate personnel to engage in an interactive process to determine the precise limitations of your ability to comply with [Company Name]sCOVID-19 Vaccination Policy and explore potential reasonable accommodations that could overcome those limitations. Now workers are pushing back. examples of valid religious exemptions: Although the volume of religious exemption requests has increased, no major religions have come out with an objection against the COVID-19 vaccine. Being a Christian sometimes means saying no or doing something different from what someone else wants you too because their desires may not line up with yours 100%. [Company Name] strives to make these determinations expeditiously and in a fair and nondiscriminatory manner and will inform you after we make a determination. Already, some employers are taking a harder line than others. Hello As a Buddhist and follower of Gautama Buddha, my sincerely held beliefs are an all-encompassing part of who I am. All communications will include the opportunity to unsubscribe. Employers are not permitted to fire anyone for religious reasons per Title VII of the US Civil Rights Act of 1964. This is to notify you I am invoking my Constitutionally-protected right to religious expression, including being exempted from activities which are in conflict with my sincerely held beliefs. by Denise-Marie Ordway, The Journalist's Resource September 28, 2021, This and is republished here under a Creative Commons license.
. At Ivy Tech, for example, out of the 234 requests for religious exemptions for the vaccine, almost 30. In most cases, employees send the information to someone in the Human Resources department. In 1977, the U.S. Supreme Court interpreted undue hardship to mean incurring more than a de minimis, or minimal, expense. I pray that youwill grant me an exemption. In some instances, those with vaccine allergies or specific underlying health conditions may be advised to wait to get a COVID vaccine. Accommodating someone elses belief system which is not in line with my beliefs. Harvard Kennedy School is committed to protecting your personal information. If a medical provider is seeking an exemption for themselves, they are not allowed to fill out the form on their own behalf. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission says employers must provide reasonable accommodations for workers who have sincerely held religious beliefs unless doing so poses an undue hardship. These can be submitted by email or PDF document using the examples provided above. A 2018 study published in the journal Sociological Perspectives shows how some parents already were gaming the system. Under TITLE VII OF THE U.S. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT PROHIBITS RELIGIOUS DISCRIMINATION, the law requires accommodations to be offered for religious exemptions and as such is a concern of. Clear documentation from a doctor or health care provider of a medical condition that makes vaccination risky or unsafe usually eliminates questions around whether an employee has valid reasons for exemption or simply does not wish to be vaccinated. Inslee over COVID-19 vaccine mandate. But there are two exceptions to that rule those who have approved exemptions for medical or religious reasons. First, many people game these exemptions, falsely claiming a religion they dont follow or that their religious beliefs prohibit inoculation when they actually do not, she says. Get browser notifications for breaking news, live events, and exclusive reporting. I verify that the information I am submitting in support of my request for an accommodation is complete and accurate to the best of my knowledge, and I understand that any intentional misrepresentation contained in this request may result in discipline, up to and including termination. The Biden administration's broad prevention measures announced Thursday expand vaccine mandates further, affecting roughly 100 million Americans and shining a new light on exemption claims and how employers can verify their legitimacy. It's a bit complicated. I cannot receive this vaccine under because it goes against what I believe in which would make practicing good health an impossible task for someone like myself who wants nothing but pureness of body! As Vaccine Mandates Take Effect, Religious Exemption Requests Are On The RiseWith COVID-19 vaccine mandates taking effect around the country, requests for religious exemptions are on the. Women journalists and journalists of color are particularly vulnerable to online harassment, research shows. In GOD and Jesus Christ, I Trust. Provide the minimum letter, reiterate the statute and be vague if necessary. Whether youre an employee or employer, its important to understand what the key steps that make up the religious exemption process. I will not knowingly participate in the process to use such a product that violates the right to life and dishonors the lives of the unborn. 2023 FOX Television Stations, until SAT 4:00 AM EST, St. Clair County, Lapeer County, Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan is facing a lawsuit, The heaviest snow is behind us heading into the weekend, Snow storm shuts down Detroit Metro Airport, Power outages hit Metro Detroit hard as winter storm pounds area, WATCH - Jennifer Hammond talks with Detroit Titans guard Antoine Davis after coming up just short of the NCAA all-time scoring record, Suspect still wanted after brutal beating of victims after they shoveled his snow last winter in Detroit, Wayne County woman wins $1 million after 'random urge' to buy Michigan Lottery ticket, Gunman shot and killed himself after hourslong standoff in Groveland Township, MSP says, General Motors laying off 500 white collar positions, Police: Wayne County Morgue employee broke into homes of the deceased. Most labor attorneys agree there is a lot of legal gray area when it comes to claiming and approving religious-based requests for vaccine exemptions. Six states prohibit K-12 schools from granting exemptions to vaccine requirements on religious grounds, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures. For example, if someone seeking an exemption opposes COVID-19 vaccines because fetal cell lines were used to develop or test them, an administrator might ask whether that person takes Tylenol or other over-the-counter medications developed or tested using fetal cell lines, Reiss points out. In some cases an employer may conduct a limited inquiry to better understand your religious beliefs. Academic research indicates some people seek religious exemptions for reasons that are not actually rooted in religion. Not all forms have the right amount of spaces or areas to leave for answers. In this letter you will restate the religious beliefs that prevent you from receiving a vaccine. face coverings, regular COVID-19 testing) for unvaccinated or not fully vaccinated individuals as a condition of my employment.] more than 400 fire and emergency medical workers, roughly a quarter of the police department, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 'Love your neighbor' and get the shot: White evangelical leaders push COVID vaccines, Vatican OKs receiving COVID-19 vaccines, even if research involved fetal tissue, to put the employees on indefinite unpaid leave, Unvaccinated United Airlines employees to be put on temporary leave, Facebook's most viewed article in early 2021 raised doubt about COVID vaccine. It does not have to be the accommodation requested by the employee. 59+ Clever Self-Appraisal Comments about Teamwork at Work, 155+ Uplifting Death Anniversary Quotes To Honor a Brother, 145+ Death Anniversary Messages for Moms to Keep Memories Alive. "It can't just be that it's against my religion," Wilkes said. Workers, parents and others are gathering in Facebook groups that, as Mother Jones magazine reports, have grown from hundreds of members to thousands within a short period. Updated on: September 16, 2021 / 11:55 AM At that point, employees whose exemption requests were approved will be placed on unpaid leave until the pandemic meaningfully subsides. Employers are not required to accept all exemption requests at face value, according to experts we spoke to. Regular testing can serve as an accommodation that employers can provide for workers who don't wish to be vaccinated for any reason, religious or otherwise. Employers can ask workers how their religious beliefs conflict with the vaccine. The issue is already playing out in workplaces across the country. You dont need to defend a belief system with long explanation. Requests for religious exemptions from workplace policies were relatively rare before the pandemic and focused mainly on issues like scheduling, dress codes, and grooming rules. It finds Democrats are much more likely than Republicans to report receiving at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine 86% compared to 60%. 1. There is some evidence that faith-based approaches could encourage parents to get their children vaccinated. I can certainly testify to this because as you are aware, throughout the whole pandemic, I have been working according to your policies and measures required of the employees. The White Houses Safer Federal Workforce Taskforce previously issued a template for religious exemption requests to federal agencies and contractors, To contact the reporter on this story: Erin Mulvaney in Washington at emulvaney@bloomberglaw.com, To contact the editor responsible for this story: Jay-Anne B. Casuga at jcasuga@bloomberglaw.com, Learn more about a Bloomberg Law subscription. Simply saying, "I believe in God, I can't get vaccinated," won't fly either, according to Carrie Hoffman, a labor attorney with Foley & Lardner. We only ask that you follow a few basic guidelines. I personally believe that God is the creator of all things, and its important to me not only in my day-to-day life but also how I make decisions. In Facebook groups opposed to vaccine mandates, members frequently ask about how to obtain a religious exemption and what to say when petitioning their employers. If an employee mentions anything outside the scope of religion in the request, they are at risk of the request being denied. ", First published on September 10, 2021 / 3:41 PM. Again, employers . 10 Examples of Religious Exemption Requests for Covid-19 Vaccines In the United States, employers have the responsibility to create a safe and unbiased work environment for people of different races and beliefs. Duty said it's important for employers to take exemption requests seriously, otherwise they could be violating the law, but even those who are granted an exemption could see their job change. The Biden administration has mandated the shots for federal workers and government contractors. / MoneyWatch. No major religious denomination in the U.S. opposes vaccination outright. (Public health officials say fetal cell lines developed decades ago in the laboratory were used to develop and test the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines a common practice in pharmaceutical research. He asked employees to attest to not be using any of those medicines. Signage is displayed inside the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission headquarters in Washington, D.C. Courts Clash Over Religious Exemptions for Vaccine Mandates, Religious Suits Over Covid Shots Reveal Edge for Private Sector, Religious Vaccine Objections to Clash With Employer Defense, Fear of Losing Religious Exemption No Basis for Vaccine Lawsuit, Civil rights agency releases its internal form, Religious exemption requests rising in pandemic. Administrators also are permitted by law to ask questions about the requesters belief system and medical history. Reiss teaches a course on vaccines at the University of Californias Hastings College of the Law. Oregon's vaccination requirements specify that employers must take "reasonable steps" to ensure unvaccinated employees are not contracting or spreading COVID. A bona fide, sincerely held religious belief that conflicts with an employer policy requiring an employee to be vaccinated against COVID-19 must be accommodated in the absence of undue hardship. Because vaccination, civil liberties, employment law and health policy are all complicated topics, we asked law professor Dorit Reiss for advice on how journalists should think about and cover religious exemptions to vaccine mandates. United Airlines recently denied several employees' requests for religious exemptions from the airline's vaccine mandate. View our, Pandemic Preparedness &Community Health, REQUEST FOR RELIGIOUS EXEMPTION / ACCOMMODATION RELATED TO [COMPANY NAMES] COVID-19 VACCINATION POLICY. But 51% of Americans are in favor of granting a religious exemption if the person has documentation from a faith leader saying that the vaccine goes against their religious beliefs. For example, a 2018 study in the Journal of Medical Ethics finds that employees sought religious exemptions to a Cincinnati hospitals flu vaccine mandate for various reasons, including concerns about the benefit of the vaccine. You affirm/agree that you have never received a vaccine or medicine from a health care provider as an adult. Ideally, the employee and employer can come to an agreement that works for both parties without getting legal the courts involved. REQUEST FOR RELIGIOUS EXEMPTION / ACCOMMODATION RELATED TO [COMPANY NAME'S] COVID-19 VACCINATION POLICY by offering opportunities for discussion, reminding people of available support services, and leading at a difficult time with compassion and empathy. Before you even begin on making the COVID religious exemption form, you must choose the right presentation outline and format and the right information to be placing in the format. Given the amount of misinformation about vaccine safety and the virus, chances are that most of the exemption requests are from people who do not want to get COVID-19 vaccines because of safety concerns or misinformation about the pandemic, Reiss writes in a recent article on the Bill of Health blog, published by the Petrie-Flom Center at Harvard Law School.
Again, employers have the right to review all exemption requests. "These individuals have shown incredible conviction because theyre willing to get terminated for their beliefs. In many ethnic groups, cultures, and even sub cultures believe that COVID can be cured by means of prayer and their belief. Some employees may ask for a religious exemption because they are opposed to abortion and they believe that fetal cells derived from abortions have been used in the development and production of the COVID-19 vaccines. [Company Name] will provide reasonable accommodations for employees sincerely held religious beliefs, observances, and practices that conflict with getting vaccinated for COVID-19, as long as the requested accommodation does not create an undue hardship for [Company Name] or pose a direct threat to you or others in the workplace.To request an accommodation related to [Company Name]s COVID-19 Vaccination Policy, please complete this form and return it to Human Resources. I have prayed and reflected on this matter for many weeks. So far, no major religion has come out in opposition to the COVID-19 vaccines. One of which is religion. Employees can seek a vaccine exemption for medical or religious reasons but employers can ask additional questions to verify the request. So people should probably think twice about paying for these services. On October 25, 2021, the U.S. The permission and form can be an acknowledgement letter regarding that the head of your religious sector does not allow you to take the COVID vaccination because of your religious beliefs and values. Any exemption request should reflect your legitimately held belief system. This is where the exemption form can be of good use. The Christian Right Used COVID to Win Rampant Religious Exemptions. This information will be used by Human Resources or other appropriate personnel to engage in an interactive process to determine the precise limitations of your ability to comply with [Company Name]sCOVID-19 Vaccination Policy and explore potential reasonable accommodations that could overcome those limitations. Now workers are pushing back. examples of valid religious exemptions: Although the volume of religious exemption requests has increased, no major religions have come out with an objection against the COVID-19 vaccine. Being a Christian sometimes means saying no or doing something different from what someone else wants you too because their desires may not line up with yours 100%. [Company Name] strives to make these determinations expeditiously and in a fair and nondiscriminatory manner and will inform you after we make a determination. Already, some employers are taking a harder line than others. Hello As a Buddhist and follower of Gautama Buddha, my sincerely held beliefs are an all-encompassing part of who I am. All communications will include the opportunity to unsubscribe. Employers are not permitted to fire anyone for religious reasons per Title VII of the US Civil Rights Act of 1964. This is to notify you I am invoking my Constitutionally-protected right to religious expression, including being exempted from activities which are in conflict with my sincerely held beliefs. by Denise-Marie Ordway, The Journalist's Resource September 28, 2021, This and is republished here under a Creative Commons license.
. At Ivy Tech, for example, out of the 234 requests for religious exemptions for the vaccine, almost 30. In most cases, employees send the information to someone in the Human Resources department. In 1977, the U.S. Supreme Court interpreted undue hardship to mean incurring more than a de minimis, or minimal, expense. I pray that youwill grant me an exemption. In some instances, those with vaccine allergies or specific underlying health conditions may be advised to wait to get a COVID vaccine. Accommodating someone elses belief system which is not in line with my beliefs. Harvard Kennedy School is committed to protecting your personal information. If a medical provider is seeking an exemption for themselves, they are not allowed to fill out the form on their own behalf. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission says employers must provide reasonable accommodations for workers who have sincerely held religious beliefs unless doing so poses an undue hardship. These can be submitted by email or PDF document using the examples provided above. A 2018 study published in the journal Sociological Perspectives shows how some parents already were gaming the system. Under TITLE VII OF THE U.S. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT PROHIBITS RELIGIOUS DISCRIMINATION, the law requires accommodations to be offered for religious exemptions and as such is a concern of. Clear documentation from a doctor or health care provider of a medical condition that makes vaccination risky or unsafe usually eliminates questions around whether an employee has valid reasons for exemption or simply does not wish to be vaccinated. Inslee over COVID-19 vaccine mandate. But there are two exceptions to that rule those who have approved exemptions for medical or religious reasons. First, many people game these exemptions, falsely claiming a religion they dont follow or that their religious beliefs prohibit inoculation when they actually do not, she says. Get browser notifications for breaking news, live events, and exclusive reporting. I verify that the information I am submitting in support of my request for an accommodation is complete and accurate to the best of my knowledge, and I understand that any intentional misrepresentation contained in this request may result in discipline, up to and including termination. The Biden administration's broad prevention measures announced Thursday expand vaccine mandates further, affecting roughly 100 million Americans and shining a new light on exemption claims and how employers can verify their legitimacy. It's a bit complicated. I cannot receive this vaccine under because it goes against what I believe in which would make practicing good health an impossible task for someone like myself who wants nothing but pureness of body! As Vaccine Mandates Take Effect, Religious Exemption Requests Are On The RiseWith COVID-19 vaccine mandates taking effect around the country, requests for religious exemptions are on the. Women journalists and journalists of color are particularly vulnerable to online harassment, research shows. In GOD and Jesus Christ, I Trust. Provide the minimum letter, reiterate the statute and be vague if necessary. Whether youre an employee or employer, its important to understand what the key steps that make up the religious exemption process. I will not knowingly participate in the process to use such a product that violates the right to life and dishonors the lives of the unborn. 2023 FOX Television Stations, until SAT 4:00 AM EST, St. Clair County, Lapeer County, Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan is facing a lawsuit, The heaviest snow is behind us heading into the weekend, Snow storm shuts down Detroit Metro Airport, Power outages hit Metro Detroit hard as winter storm pounds area, WATCH - Jennifer Hammond talks with Detroit Titans guard Antoine Davis after coming up just short of the NCAA all-time scoring record, Suspect still wanted after brutal beating of victims after they shoveled his snow last winter in Detroit, Wayne County woman wins $1 million after 'random urge' to buy Michigan Lottery ticket, Gunman shot and killed himself after hourslong standoff in Groveland Township, MSP says, General Motors laying off 500 white collar positions, Police: Wayne County Morgue employee broke into homes of the deceased. Most labor attorneys agree there is a lot of legal gray area when it comes to claiming and approving religious-based requests for vaccine exemptions. Six states prohibit K-12 schools from granting exemptions to vaccine requirements on religious grounds, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures. For example, if someone seeking an exemption opposes COVID-19 vaccines because fetal cell lines were used to develop or test them, an administrator might ask whether that person takes Tylenol or other over-the-counter medications developed or tested using fetal cell lines, Reiss points out. In some cases an employer may conduct a limited inquiry to better understand your religious beliefs. Academic research indicates some people seek religious exemptions for reasons that are not actually rooted in religion. Not all forms have the right amount of spaces or areas to leave for answers. In this letter you will restate the religious beliefs that prevent you from receiving a vaccine. face coverings, regular COVID-19 testing) for unvaccinated or not fully vaccinated individuals as a condition of my employment.] more than 400 fire and emergency medical workers, roughly a quarter of the police department, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 'Love your neighbor' and get the shot: White evangelical leaders push COVID vaccines, Vatican OKs receiving COVID-19 vaccines, even if research involved fetal tissue, to put the employees on indefinite unpaid leave, Unvaccinated United Airlines employees to be put on temporary leave, Facebook's most viewed article in early 2021 raised doubt about COVID vaccine. It does not have to be the accommodation requested by the employee. 59+ Clever Self-Appraisal Comments about Teamwork at Work, 155+ Uplifting Death Anniversary Quotes To Honor a Brother, 145+ Death Anniversary Messages for Moms to Keep Memories Alive. "It can't just be that it's against my religion," Wilkes said. Workers, parents and others are gathering in Facebook groups that, as Mother Jones magazine reports, have grown from hundreds of members to thousands within a short period. Updated on: September 16, 2021 / 11:55 AM At that point, employees whose exemption requests were approved will be placed on unpaid leave until the pandemic meaningfully subsides. Employers are not required to accept all exemption requests at face value, according to experts we spoke to. Regular testing can serve as an accommodation that employers can provide for workers who don't wish to be vaccinated for any reason, religious or otherwise. Employers can ask workers how their religious beliefs conflict with the vaccine. The issue is already playing out in workplaces across the country. You dont need to defend a belief system with long explanation. Requests for religious exemptions from workplace policies were relatively rare before the pandemic and focused mainly on issues like scheduling, dress codes, and grooming rules. It finds Democrats are much more likely than Republicans to report receiving at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine 86% compared to 60%. 1. There is some evidence that faith-based approaches could encourage parents to get their children vaccinated. I can certainly testify to this because as you are aware, throughout the whole pandemic, I have been working according to your policies and measures required of the employees. The White Houses Safer Federal Workforce Taskforce previously issued a template for religious exemption requests to federal agencies and contractors, To contact the reporter on this story: Erin Mulvaney in Washington at emulvaney@bloomberglaw.com, To contact the editor responsible for this story: Jay-Anne B. Casuga at jcasuga@bloomberglaw.com, Learn more about a Bloomberg Law subscription. Simply saying, "I believe in God, I can't get vaccinated," won't fly either, according to Carrie Hoffman, a labor attorney with Foley & Lardner. We only ask that you follow a few basic guidelines. I personally believe that God is the creator of all things, and its important to me not only in my day-to-day life but also how I make decisions. In Facebook groups opposed to vaccine mandates, members frequently ask about how to obtain a religious exemption and what to say when petitioning their employers. If an employee mentions anything outside the scope of religion in the request, they are at risk of the request being denied. ", First published on September 10, 2021 / 3:41 PM. Again, employers . 10 Examples of Religious Exemption Requests for Covid-19 Vaccines In the United States, employers have the responsibility to create a safe and unbiased work environment for people of different races and beliefs. Duty said it's important for employers to take exemption requests seriously, otherwise they could be violating the law, but even those who are granted an exemption could see their job change. The Biden administration has mandated the shots for federal workers and government contractors. / MoneyWatch. No major religious denomination in the U.S. opposes vaccination outright. (Public health officials say fetal cell lines developed decades ago in the laboratory were used to develop and test the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines a common practice in pharmaceutical research. He asked employees to attest to not be using any of those medicines. Signage is displayed inside the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission headquarters in Washington, D.C. Courts Clash Over Religious Exemptions for Vaccine Mandates, Religious Suits Over Covid Shots Reveal Edge for Private Sector, Religious Vaccine Objections to Clash With Employer Defense, Fear of Losing Religious Exemption No Basis for Vaccine Lawsuit, Civil rights agency releases its internal form, Religious exemption requests rising in pandemic. Administrators also are permitted by law to ask questions about the requesters belief system and medical history. Reiss teaches a course on vaccines at the University of Californias Hastings College of the Law. Oregon's vaccination requirements specify that employers must take "reasonable steps" to ensure unvaccinated employees are not contracting or spreading COVID. A bona fide, sincerely held religious belief that conflicts with an employer policy requiring an employee to be vaccinated against COVID-19 must be accommodated in the absence of undue hardship. Because vaccination, civil liberties, employment law and health policy are all complicated topics, we asked law professor Dorit Reiss for advice on how journalists should think about and cover religious exemptions to vaccine mandates. United Airlines recently denied several employees' requests for religious exemptions from the airline's vaccine mandate. View our, Pandemic Preparedness &Community Health, REQUEST FOR RELIGIOUS EXEMPTION / ACCOMMODATION RELATED TO [COMPANY NAMES] COVID-19 VACCINATION POLICY. But 51% of Americans are in favor of granting a religious exemption if the person has documentation from a faith leader saying that the vaccine goes against their religious beliefs. For example, a 2018 study in the Journal of Medical Ethics finds that employees sought religious exemptions to a Cincinnati hospitals flu vaccine mandate for various reasons, including concerns about the benefit of the vaccine. You affirm/agree that you have never received a vaccine or medicine from a health care provider as an adult. Ideally, the employee and employer can come to an agreement that works for both parties without getting legal the courts involved. REQUEST FOR RELIGIOUS EXEMPTION / ACCOMMODATION RELATED TO [COMPANY NAME'S] COVID-19 VACCINATION POLICY by offering opportunities for discussion, reminding people of available support services, and leading at a difficult time with compassion and empathy. Before you even begin on making the COVID religious exemption form, you must choose the right presentation outline and format and the right information to be placing in the format. Given the amount of misinformation about vaccine safety and the virus, chances are that most of the exemption requests are from people who do not want to get COVID-19 vaccines because of safety concerns or misinformation about the pandemic, Reiss writes in a recent article on the Bill of Health blog, published by the Petrie-Flom Center at Harvard Law School.